“…Several serotypes are associated with human illnesses and all of them are pathotypes associated with animals: O2: H5, 6, 7, 29; O8:H2, 19, 21; O20:H19; O22:H8; O25:H2; O26:H11, HNT; O45:H2; O91:H10, 21; O103:H2; O105:H18; O111:H8; O112ac:H19, 5; O113:H21; O118:H16; O119:H2, 6; O121:H19; O128:H2; O128ab:H2, 6; O145:H25, 28, O146:H21; O153:H25; O157:H7; O163:H19; O165:H25; O174:H2; 721; ONT:H2, 8, 11, 25, 28, 33, and 41 (Blanco et al 2003, Hussein 2007, Mattsson & Wallgren 2008. However, several difficulties have been observed in H antigen serotyping: (I) the expression of H-antigens can be dependent on various environmental signals; (II) the identification of H antigen is a time-consuming process and requires the use of 53 specific antisera; and (III) there are a high number of cross-reactions among E. coli strains (Blanco et al 2003, Hussein 2007, Mattsson & Wallgren 2008).…”