Phenotypic Variations, Environmental Effects and Genetic Basis Analysis of Grain Elemental Concentrations in Rice (<i>Oryza sativa </i>L.) for Improving Human Nutrition

Abstract

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is primary dietary source for half of the global population that comprising both essential nutrients and toxic heavy metal elements for human health. A number of nutrients are required within the diet and generally lacking in human diets, and need to biofortify into the rice grains, such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), iodine (I), selenium (Se), and Sulphur (S). Meanwhile, some elements are toxic to human, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) which need to be eliminated from the rice grains. This article reviews the aspects of phenotypic variation of grain elemental concentration in the diverse rice genotypes, relationship of environmental conditions and rice grain elemental accumulation, correlation between rice grain elemental content and others agronomic traits, and also genetic basis of grain elemental concentration in rice. All of these aspects are important to develop rice varieties with a balanced elemental nutrients and lower toxic heavy metal elements. Enhancing the concentration of essential mineral elements and reducing the accumulation of toxic elements in the rice grain are important to improve the rice quality for human health in addressing mineral deficiency and toxicity that could be accomplished by using plant breeding, agronomic, and genetic engineering approaches.

Analysis of Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Traits of Salt Stress Tolerance in Asian Rice Cultivars at Different Stages

“…Salt-tolerant seedlings were distinguished from the salt-sensitive seedlings under salinity stress condition. Our results are consistent with the previous studies which mentioned that different genotypes of barley, cabbage, and Suaeda species showed different responses to salinity condition with regard to percentage germination [60,61,62,63]. Salinity condition decreased the radicle and plumule growth.…”

Potential of Pigmented Rice Variety Cempo Ireng in Rice Breeding Program for Improving Food Sustainability

“…This technique can overcome the tall phenotype of Cempo Ireng which prone to lodge [46,47]. Treatment of paclobutrazol at the dose of 100 ppm in Cempo Ireng significantly increase the rice productivity because paclobutrazol shorten the plant height up to 55.92 cm, thicken the culm, increased culm diameter, reduced internodes length, and modified the structure of parenchyma cells of culm so the culm become stronger and significantly reduce the lodge by 25% [48,49]. Paclobutrazol is a plant growth regulator with the chemical name (2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chloro-phenyl) methyl-4,4dimethyl (1h-1,2,4-trizol-1-yl) penten-3-ol which inhibit the biosynthesis of gibberellin.…”

Agronomics, Genomics, Breeding and Intensive Cultivation of Ciherang Rice Variety

“…Rice productivity of Ciherang can be increased by using silicate extract from the rice husk [90,91]. Micro element of silica also enhances the grain quality of Ciherang [92,93]. Indonesia as the tropical country has low amount of silica in the soil because of the desiccation process, so it is important to apply silicate element to the rice field by using the rice husk [94,95].…”