Phenotypic Susceptibility to Nonnucleoside Inhibitors of Virion-Associated Reverse Transcriptase From Different HIV Types and Groups

Tuaillon, Édouard; Gueudin, Marie; Lemée, Véronique; Gueït, I.; Roques, Pierre; Corrigan, Gary E; Plantier, Jean‐Christophe; Simon, François; Braun, Joséphine

doi:10.1097/00126334-200412150-00001

Cited by 62 publications

(37 citation statements)

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“…We recently reported that such dual infections and recombinants are not particularly rare (30), that they can spread outside the endemic region of Cameroon (17,31), and that they require specific patient management. As HIV-O strains are naturally resistant to nonnucleoside inhibitors (8,19,27), AZT, zidovudine; DDI, didanosine; DRV, darunavir; FPV, fosamprenavir; LPV, lopinavir; RTG, raltegravir; RTV, ritonavir; SQV, saquinavir; T20, enfuvirtide. which was previously suspected on the basis of discrepancies between seropositivity and molecular or immunologic status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In areas in which HIV-M and HIV-O cocirculate, a failure to diagnose HIV-O infection specifically before treatment initiation can have harmful consequences due to the natural resistance of HIV-O to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) efavirenz and nevirapine (8,19,27). The specific identification of HIV-O is therefore necessary (i) to avoid a rapid virological failure if an NNRTI is included in the treatment, resulting in a situation equivalent to bitherapy for the patient, and the use of NNRTIs in treatments for the prevention of mother-tochild transmission, (ii) for the follow-up of children born to infected mothers (4,9), and (iii) for therapeutic management (resistance analysis) that needs specific HIV-O tools, as previously described (5,6,32).…”

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A New Real-Time Quantitative PCR for Diagnosis and Monitoring of HIV-1 Group O Infection

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A New Real-Time Quantitative PCR for Diagnosis and Monitoring of HIV-1 Group O Infection

et al. 2012

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“…The fact that the assay only monitors virion-associated RT contributes to this excellent correlation. In addition, the assay could be useful in the detection of other lentiviruses (18), including HIV-2, and the extracted RT may be used in the Cavidi HIV Phenotype RT kit for evaluating resistance in patients on anti-RT regimens (32,38). The simplified equipment, which includes a standard spectrophotometer, a vacuum driven extraction manifold, and wash buckets for plate washing, make this assay especially attractive for resource-limited urban and rural settings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Two Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) RNA Surrogate Assays to the Standard HIV RNA Assay

et al. 2005

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA testing is the gold standard for monitoring antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients. However, equipment and reagent costs preclude widespread use of the assay in resource-limited settings. The Perkin-Elmer Ultrasensitive p24 assay and the Cavidi Exavir Load assay both offer potentially simpler, less costly technologies for monitoring viral load. These assays were compared to the Roche Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor Test, v1.5, using panels of clinical samples (subtype B) from HIV-positive subjects and HIV-spiked samples (subtypes A, C, D, CRF_01AE, CRF_02AG, and F). The Ultrasensitive p24 assay detected 100% of the spiked samples with virus loads of >250,000copies/ml and 61% of the clinical samples with virus loads of 219 to 288,850 copies/ml. Detection rates were improved substantially if an external lysis buffer was added to the procedure. The Cavidi assay detected 54 to 100% of spiked samples with virus loads >10,000 copies/ml and 68% of the clinical samples. These detection rates were also greatly improved with a newly implemented version of this kit. Coefficients of variation demonstrate good reproducibility for each of these kits. The results from the Cavidi v1.0, Cavidi v2.0, and Perkin-Elmer, and the Perkin-Elmer Plus external buffers all correlated well with the results from the Roche Monitor Test (r ‫؍‬ 0.83 to 0.96, r ‫؍‬ 0.84 to 0.99, r ‫؍‬ 0.58 to 0.67, and r ‫؍‬ 0.59 to 0.95, respectively). Thus, the use of these two assays for monitoring patients, together with less-frequent confirmation testing, offers a feasible alternative to frequent HIV RNA testing in resource-limited settings.The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic has affected countries worldwide, but the impact on resource-limited countries has been especially devastating. Pressure to lower the cost of antiretroviral therapies (ART) has been critical in fighting this battle. The current challenge is to identify simplified assays for monitoring patients on ART that are less expensive and less technically demanding with respect to facilities and instrumentation (6, 12). In the past, the compromise for using simplified methods has often been reduced sensitivity or poor correlation with the gold standards used in industrialized settings (4, 10). We compare here two commercially available kits that measure HIV-specific proteins, p24 and reverse transcriptase (RT), respectively, and utilize simpler technologies to perform the tests. The first method is the Ultrasensitive HIV p24 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; HIV-1 p24 ELISA plus the ELAST ELISA Amplification System; Perkin-Elmer Life Sciences, Inc.), and the second is the RT assay (Exavir Load Assay; Cavidi Tech AB, Sweden). Both kits offer less expensive alternatives for detecting HIV.For the Ultrasensitive p24 assay, a standard ELISA format is used for the capture and detection of HIV p24 coupled with a specific signal amplification to increase the assay sensitivity. Heat denaturation of the plasma prior to binding in the ELISA step he...

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“…103 Measurement of reverse transcriptase activity in plasma samples, simplification of gene amplification methods (eg, Taqman technology), and paper-strip quantification (dipstick assays) might provide cost-effective alternatives for the future. [104][105][106] Similarly microcapilliary flow-based systems, CD4+ chips, or total white counts (panleucocyte gating) provide alternatives for establishment of the level of immunodeficiency in resource-limited settings. [107][108][109][110] Simon et al The goal of antiretroviral treatment is to decrease the morbidity and mortality that is generally associated with HIV-1 infection.…”

Section: Clinical Management Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV/AIDS epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment

2006

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The HIV-1 pandemic is a complex mix of diverse epidemics within and between countries and regions of the world, and is undoubtedly the defining public-health crisis of our time. Research has deepened our understanding of how the virus replicates, manipulates, and hides in an infected person. Although our understanding of pathogenesis and transmission dynamics has become more nuanced and prevention options have expanded, a cure or protective vaccine remains elusive. Antiretroviral treatment has transformed AIDS from an inevitably fatal condition to a chronic, manageable disease in some settings. This transformation has yet to be realised in those parts of the world that continue to bear a disproportionate burden of new HIV-1 infections and are most a % ected by increasing morbidity and mortality. This Seminar provides an update on epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention interventions pertinent to HIV-1. HIV pandemicAn estimated 38·6 (33·4-46·0) million people live with HIV-1 worldwide, while about 25 million have died already. 1 In 2005 alone, there were 4·1 million new HIV-1 infections and 2·8 million AIDS deaths. 1 These estimates mask the dynamic nature of this evolving epidemic in relation to temporal changes, geographic distribution, magnitude, viral diversity, and mode of transmission. Today, there is no region of the world untouched by this pandemic (figure 1). 2 Heterosexual transmission remains the dominant mode of transmission and accounts for about 85% of all HIV-1 infections. Southern Africa remains the epicentre of the pandemic and continues to have high rates of new HIV-1 infections. 3 Although overall HIV-1 prevalence remains low in the emerging epidemics in China and India, the absolute numbers, which are fast approaching those seen in southern Africa, are of concern. 1 Outside of sub-Saharan Africa, a third of all HIV-1 infections are acquired through injecting drug use, most (an estimated 8·8 million) of which are in eastern Europe and central and southeast Asia. 1 The rapid spread of HIV-1 in these regions through injecting drug use is of importance, since it is a bridge for rapid establishment of more generalised epidemics. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptA defining feature of the pandemic in the current decade is the increasing burden of HIV-1 infections in women, 4 which has additional implications for mother-to-child transmission. Women now make up about 42% of those infected worldwide; over 70% of whom live in sub-Saharan Africa. 1 Overall, a quarter of all new HIV-1 infections are in adults aged younger than 25 years. 1 HIV-1 infection rates are three to six times higher in female adolescents than in their male counterparts, 1,5-7 and this difference is attributed to sexual coupling patterns of young women with older men. Population prevalence of HIV-1 infection, concurrent sexual relationships, partner change, sexual practices, the presence of other sexually transmitted diseases, [8][9][10][11] and population mobility patterns 12-14 for economic and other reasons (eg, natu...

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Phenotypic Susceptibility to Nonnucleoside Inhibitors of Virion-Associated Reverse Transcriptase From Different HIV Types and Groups

Cited by 62 publications

References 31 publications

A New Real-Time Quantitative PCR for Diagnosis and Monitoring of HIV-1 Group O Infection

A New Real-Time Quantitative PCR for Diagnosis and Monitoring of HIV-1 Group O Infection

Comparison of Two Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) RNA Surrogate Assays to the Standard HIV RNA Assay

HIV/AIDS epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment

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