Phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution contribute to advancing flowering phenology in response to climate change

Anderson, Jill T.; Inouye, David W.; McKinney, Amy; Colautti, Robert I.; Mitchell-Olds, Thomas

doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1051

Cited by 421 publications

(537 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The environmental plasticity was directionally associated with the average of the daily minimum temperature from planting to flowering. Our data predict a~4-day increase in flowering time (DTA) with each additional 1°C in the average of the minimum temperature, which is remarkably consistent with temperature effects on flowering in other plant species (for example, Fitter et al, 1995;Anderson et al, 2012). Therefore, selection on variation in genotypic main effects to match an environment-specific fitness window, dictated by a temperature-dependent reaction norm (apparently conserved across species), underlies a critical component of flowering time adaptation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 48%

Hallauer’s Tusón: a decade of selection for tropical-to-temperate phenological adaptation in maize

et al. 2014

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Crop species exhibit an astounding capacity for environmental adaptation, but genetic bottlenecks resulting from intense selection for adaptation and productivity can lead to a genetically vulnerable crop. Improving the genetic resiliency of temperate maize depends upon the use of tropical germplasm, which harbors a rich source of natural allelic diversity. Here, the adaptation process was studied in a tropical maize population subjected to 10 recurrent generations of directional selection for early flowering in a single temperate environment in Iowa, USA. We evaluated the response to this selection across a geographical range spanning from 43.05°(WI) to 18.00°(PR) latitude. The capacity for an all-tropical maize population to become adapted to a temperate environment was revealed in a marked fashion: on average, families from generation 10 flowered 20 days earlier than families in generation 0, with a nine-day separation between the latest generation 10 family and the earliest generation 0 family. Results suggest that adaptation was primarily due to selection on genetic main effects tailored to temperature-dependent plasticity in flowering time. Genotype-by-environment interactions represented a relatively small component of the phenotypic variation in flowering time, but were sufficient to produce a signature of localized adaptation that radiated latitudinally, in partial association with daylength and temperature, from the original location of selection. Furthermore, the original population exhibited a maladaptive syndrome including excessive ear and plant heights along with later flowering; this was reduced in frequency by selection for flowering time.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 48%

Hallauer’s Tusón: a decade of selection for tropical-to-temperate phenological adaptation in maize

et al. 2014

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“…This lack of constraint is consistent with a negligible correlation between timing of germination and flowering found in earlier work using a variance component approach ( r A = −0.029, equivalent to r Total , Galloway et al., 2009). Selection in natural populations frequently favors early flowering (Austen, Rowe, Stinchcombe, & Forrest, 2017; Munguía‐Rosas, Ollerton, Parra‐Tabla, & De‐Nova, 2011), a pattern expected to become increasingly common in warm climates (Anderson, Inouye, McKinney, Colautti, & Mitchell‐Olds, 2012), including in C. americana (Haggerty & Galloway, 2011). The ability to evolve early flowering, regardless of the pattern of selection on timing of germination, will enhance C. americana 's ability to respond to changing climates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response to joint selection on germination and flowering phenology depends on the direction of selection

Galloway

Watson

Prendeville

2018

Ecology and Evolution

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Flowering and germination time are components of phenology, a complex phenotype that incorporates a number of traits. In natural populations, selection is likely to occur on multiple components of phenology at once. However, we have little knowledge of how joint selection on several phenological traits influences evolutionary response. We conducted one generation of artificial selection for all combinations of early and late germination and flowering on replicated lines within two independent base populations in the herb Campanula americana. We then measured response to selection and realized heritability for each trait. Response to selection and heritability were greater for flowering time than germination time, indicating greater evolutionary potential of this trait. Selection for earlier phenology, both flowering and germination, did not depend on the direction of selection on the other trait, whereas response to selection to delay germination and flowering was greater when selection on the other trait was in the opposite direction (e.g., early germination and late flowering), indicating a negative genetic correlation between the traits. Therefore, the extent to which correlations shaped response to selection depended on the direction of selection. Furthermore, the genetic correlation between timing of germination and flowering varies across the trait distributions. The negative correlation between germination and flowering time found when selecting for delayed phenology follows theoretical predictions of constraint for traits that jointly determine life history schedule. In contrast, the lack of constraint found when selecting for an accelerated phenology suggests a reduction of the covariance due to strong selection favoring earlier flowering and a shorter life cycle. This genetic architecture, in turn, will facilitate further evolution of the early phenology often favored in warm climates.

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“…Plant flowering phenology is shaped by the interacting dynamics of both biotic and abiotic factors affecting species' fitness [14,40]. However, accumulated evidence has shown that advancing flowering time with warming maintains, or even increases, fitness [41], particularly in temperate regions [42], causing directional selection favouring earlier flowering [43]. Thus, the northward mean range shifts in species experiencing warming temperatures during flowering have presumably been caused by local extirpation of such species failing to advance their phenology sufficiently.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Links between plant species’ spatial and temporal responses to a warming climate

et al. 2014

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To generate realistic projections of species' responses to climate change, we need to understand the factors that limit their ability to respond. Although climatic niche conservatism, the maintenance of a species's climatic niche over time, is a critical assumption in niche-based species distribution models, little is known about how universal it is and how it operates. In particular, few studies have tested the role of climatic niche conservatism via phenological changes in explaining the reported wide variance in the extent of range shifts among species. Using historical records of the phenology and spatial distribution of British plants under a warming climate, we revealed that: (i) perennial species, as well as those with weaker or lagged phenological responses to temperature, experienced a greater increase in temperature during flowering (i.e. failed to maintain climatic niche via phenological changes); (ii) species that failed to maintain climatic niche via phenological changes showed greater northward range shifts; and (iii) there was a complementary relationship between the levels of climatic niche conservatism via phenological changes and range shifts. These results indicate that even species with high climatic niche conservatism might not show range shifts as instead they track warming temperatures during flowering by advancing their phenology.

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Phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution contribute to advancing flowering phenology in response to climate change

Cited by 421 publications

References 48 publications

Hallauer’s Tusón: a decade of selection for tropical-to-temperate phenological adaptation in maize

Hallauer’s Tusón: a decade of selection for tropical-to-temperate phenological adaptation in maize

Response to joint selection on germination and flowering phenology depends on the direction of selection

Links between plant species’ spatial and temporal responses to a warming climate

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