Phenotypic, genetic, and environmental integration of morphology in a stream population of the threespine stickleback,<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i>

Baumgartner, Jeffrey V.

doi:10.1139/f95-127

Cited by 32 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…, where D* is the equilibrium difference between populations in adaptive traits (assumed for simplicity to be the observed difference for the first canonical discriminant function), D is the optimal difference (the parameter to be estimated), P is the phenotypic variance (assumed to be the average of the two sites ϭ 0.74), G is the additive genetic variance (assumed to be 0.3P, the median value for 33 stickleback morphometric traits in Baumgartner 1995), m is the proportion of individuals exchanged between sites (assumed to be m Beerli ϭ 0.00267), and is the strength of stabilizing selection within populations (i.e., width of the individual fitness function). Estimates of are not available for any stickleback populations and so we used an indirect approach.…”

Section: Gene Flow and Its Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Divergence and the Balance Between Selection and Gene Flow: Lake and Stream Stickleback in the Misty System

2002

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Abstract. We investigated the interplay between natural selection and gene flow in the adaptive divergence of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) that reside parapatrically in lakes and streams. Within the Misty Lake system (Vancouver Island, British Columbia), stickleback from the inlet stream (flowing into the lake) have fewer gill rakers and deeper bodies than stickleback from the lake-differences thought to facilitate foraging (benthic macroinvertebrates in the stream vs. zooplankton in the open water of the lake). Common-garden experiments demonstrated that these differences have a genetic basis. Reciprocal transplant enclosure experiments showed that lake and inlet stickleback grow best in their home environments (although differences were subtle and often not significant). Release-recapture experiments in the inlet showed that lake fish are less well-suited than inlet fish for life in the stream (higher mortality or emigration in lake fish). Morphological divergence in the wild and under common rearing was greater between the lake and the inlet than between the lake and the outlet. Genetic divergence (mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites) was greatest between the lake and the upper inlet (1.8 km upstream from the lake), intermediate between the lake and the lower inlet (0.9 km upstream), and least between the lake and the outlet stream (1.2 km downstream). Relative levels of gene flow estimated from genetic data showed the inverse pattern. The negative association between morphological divergence and gene flow is consistent with the expectation that gene flow can constrain adaptation. Estimated absolute levels of gene flow also implied a constraint on adaptation in the outlet but not the inlet. Our results suggest that natural selection promotes the adaptive divergence of lake and stream stickleback, but that the magnitude of divergence can be constrained by gene flow.

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Section: Gene Flow and Its Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Divergence and the Balance Between Selection and Gene Flow: Lake and Stream Stickleback in the Misty System

2002

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“…In a sample of stream threespine stickleback from California, the average magnitude of the degree of genetic determination on a suite of body shape traits was relatively high (0.57), indicating a large genetic component to morphological differentiation (Baumgartner, 1995). Among the British Columbia populations, common garden experiments provide evidence for a strong genetic effect on major phenotypic traits (McPhail, 1984(McPhail, , 1992(McPhail, , 1994Lavin & McPhail, 1993).…”

Section: Adaptive Phenoandpic P H T I C I P Us Adaptive Genetic Daj%enmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological morphology of lacustrine threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus L. (Gasterosteidae) body shape

Walker

1997

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

280

474

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Threespine sticklebacks, small fish with a circumglobal distribution in coastal marine and freshwater of the northern hemisphere, present a remarkable scope of variation in body and fin shape among populations. The repeated evolution of divergent body shapes in a radiation of stickleback from Cook Inlet, Alaska suggests that diversification has proceeded by extensive parallel selection. To explore this hypothesis, hydromechanical equations of fish propulsion and descriptions of stickleback foraging and anti-predator behaviours were used to develop a series of hypotheses that predicted the evolutionary effects of native predatory fishes (NPF) and relative littoral area (RLA) on body shape. Body shape was measured using Cartesian coordinates of anatomical landmarks transformed by the generalized resistant fit superimposition. In general, the results were consistent with the hypotheses that (1) RLA has a direct effect on selection for foraging behaviour and morphology, (2) RLA has an indirect effect on selection for morphology employed in predator evasion, (3) presence of NPF has a direct effect on selection for evasive morphology, and (4) presence of NPF has an indirect effect on selection for foraging behaviour and morphology. The magnitude of the divergence of body shapes present in the Cook Inlet system suggests that extreme phenotypes have evolved by opportunistic expansion into new habitat relatively free of interspecific competition. 0 I997 'The Linnran Society of London ADDITIONAL

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“…Heritability of form has been estimated based on a number of complex shape descriptors ranging from linear combinations of shape variables (Baumgartner, 1995), distances in multivariate shape space (Monteiro et al. , 2002), scale‐independent landmark coordinate vectors (Klingenberg & Leamy, 2001) and even integrative Fourier shape outlines (Currie et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, 2011), although the degree of differentiation from the ancestral form appears to be dependent upon how different novel environments are from the marine milieu (Spoljaric & Reimchen, 2007). Numerous studies have used geometric morphometrics to capture the divergence among populations occupying unique habitats and trophic niches (Baumgartner, 1995; Spoljaric & Reimchen, 2007; Sharpe et al. , 2008; Aguirre, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasticity and heritability of morphological variation within and between parapatric stickleback demes

McCairns

Bernatchez

2012

J of Evolutionary Biology

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The threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) has emerged as an important model organism in evolutionary ecology, largely due to the repeated, parallel evolution of divergent morphotypes found in populations having colonized freshwater habitats. However, morphological divergence following colonization is not a universal phenomenon. We explore this in a large‐scale estuarine ecosystem inhabited by two parapatric stickleback demes, each physiologically adapted to divergent osmoregulatory environments (fresh vs. saline waters). Using geometric morphometric analyses of wild‐caught individuals, we detected significant differences between demes, in addition to sexual dimorphism, in body shape. However, rearing full‐sib families from each deme under controlled, reciprocal salinity conditions revealed no differences between genotypes and highly significant environmental effects. It is also noteworthy that fish from both demes were fully plated, whether found in the wild or reared under reciprocal salinity conditions. Although we found significant heritability for body shape, we also noted significant direct environmental effects for many latent shape variables. Moreover, we found little evidence for diversifying selection acting on body size and shape (QST). Nevertheless, uniform compressive variation did exceed neutral expectations, yet despite evidence of both allometry and genetic correlation with body length, we detected no correlated signatures of selection. Taken together, these results suggest that much of the morphological divergence observed in this system is the result of plastic responses to environmental variation rather than adaptive differentiation.

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Phenotypic, genetic, and environmental integration of morphology in a stream population of the threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus

Cited by 32 publications

References 40 publications

Adaptive Divergence and the Balance Between Selection and Gene Flow: Lake and Stream Stickleback in the Misty System

Adaptive Divergence and the Balance Between Selection and Gene Flow: Lake and Stream Stickleback in the Misty System

Ecological morphology of lacustrine threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus L. (Gasterosteidae) body shape

Plasticity and heritability of morphological variation within and between parapatric stickleback demes

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