Phenotypic correlates of the lianescent growth form: a review

Wyka, Tomasz P.; Oleksyn, Jacek; Karolewski, Piotr; Schnitzer, Stefan A.

doi:10.1093/aob/mct236

Cited by 99 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 120 publications

(282 reference statements)

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“…Among the main differences, trees show a greater allocation of biomass (and carbon) to stems and lianas have lower costs of height gain and larger total leaf area potential. Moreover, compared to shrubs and trees, lianas have lower leaf mass per area (LMA, the inverse of SLA), higher foliar N and higher mass-based photosynthetic rate, which is consistent with the characterization of lianas as fast metabolism/rapid turnover species [71]. This could be related to hypothetical differences in generation time between lianas and trees that could explain their differential evolutionary rates, as shown here.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Species Divergence and Phylogenetic Variation of Ecophysiological Traits in Lianas and Trees

2014

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The climbing habit is an evolutionary key innovation in plants because it is associated with enhanced clade diversification. We tested whether patterns of species divergence and variation of three ecophysiological traits that are fundamental for plant adaptation to light environments (maximum photosynthetic rate [Amax], dark respiration rate [Rd], and specific leaf area [SLA]) are consistent with this key innovation. Using data reported from four tropical forests and three temperate forests, we compared phylogenetic distance among species as well as the evolutionary rate, phylogenetic distance and phylogenetic signal of those traits in lianas and trees. Estimates of evolutionary rates showed that Rd evolved faster in lianas, while SLA evolved faster in trees. The mean phylogenetic distance was 1.2 times greater among liana species than among tree species. Likewise, estimates of phylogenetic distance indicated that lianas were less related than by chance alone (phylogenetic evenness across 63 species), and trees were more related than expected by chance (phylogenetic clustering across 71 species). Lianas showed evenness for Rd, while trees showed phylogenetic clustering for this trait. In contrast, for SLA, lianas exhibited phylogenetic clustering and trees showed phylogenetic evenness. Lianas and trees showed patterns of ecophysiological trait variation among species that were independent of phylogenetic relatedness. We found support for the expected pattern of greater species divergence in lianas, but did not find consistent patterns regarding ecophysiological trait evolution and divergence. Rd followed the species-level pattern, i.e., greater divergence/evolution in lianas compared to trees, while the opposite occurred for SLA and no pattern was detected for Amax. Rd may have driven lianas' divergence across forest environments, and might contribute to diversification in climber clades.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Species Divergence and Phylogenetic Variation of Ecophysiological Traits in Lianas and Trees

2014

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“…Lianas are well known for having wider vessels in their wood than the vessels of their self-supporting relatives (Ewers et al, 1990(Ewers et al, , 1997Ewers and Fisher 1991;Carlquist, 1991;DiasLeme, 1999;Angyalossy et al, 2012;Wyka et al, 2013). The widest vessels are found in the Leguminosae Dioclea: 500 mm (Angyalossy et al, 2015).…”

Section: The Lianescent Habit and Root Wood Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Unravelling roots of lianas: a case study in Sapindaceae

Bastos

Tamaio

Angyalossy

2016

Ann Bot

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Background and Aims Roots are key in the evolution of plants, being in charge of critical functions, such as water and nutrient uptake and anchorage of the plant body. Stems of lianescent Sapindaceae conform to the anatomical patterns typical of climbing plants, having cambial variants in their stems and vessel dimorphism in their wood. The roots of these lianas, however, are largely unexplored, so we do not know whether the plant habit has as strong an impact on their anatomy as on the anatomy of their stems. Our aim was, therefore, to thoroughly explore the anatomy of liana roots, underground organs under selective pressure completely different from that experienced by the stems.Methods We studied mature roots of 14 species belonging to five of the six genera currently recognized in the lianoid tribe Paullinieae (Sapindaceae) using traditional methods for macro-and microscopic analyses, as well as micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) techniques.Key Results Roots were shown to be strongly shaped by the lianescent habit in Paullinieae, exhibiting traits of the lianescent vascular syndrome in terms of both wood and overall anatomy. The only way to distinguish root from stem in secondary growth is by the exarch protoxylem position in the roots, as opposed to the endarch position typical of the stems. The most conspicuous trait of the lianescent vascular syndrome, which is the presence of vessel dimorphism, is evident in all roots, and we hypothesize that it helps to create an efficient, safe pathway for water conduction from this organ towards the stems. Other anatomical features present were parenchyma bands, present in the wood of almost all of the analysed species, except for Thinouia and Urvillea, where parenchyma-like fibre bands alternating with ordinary fibres are present. The majority of the roots showed no cambial variants. However, lobed roots were found in Urvillea rufescens and phloem wedges were observed in Serjania lethalis and Serjania caracasana. Neo-formed peripheral vascular strands and cylinders were common in mature roots of Serjania caracasana, and vascular connections were found uniting the peripheral and central vascular cylinders through phloem wedges, as revealed by anatomical and micro-CT analyses. The vascular connections likely represent another key mechanism to create a network that increases the area of vascular tissue and contributes as an additional conduction pathway within these thick roots.Conclusions Some traits from the lianescent vascular syndrome, such as vessel dimorphism, are present in the roots of lianescent Sapindaceae, while others, such as cambial variants common in the stems, are largely absent.

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“…The unique distribution of lianas may be explained by the ability of lianas to grow more than competing trees during the dry season, which may confer a competitive advantage for lianas ). This hypothesis is now supported empirically by a number of studies that show that lianas are more physiologically active than trees during the dry season relative to the wet season Zhu and Cao 2009 ;Wyka et al 2013 ;Alvarez-Cansino et al 2015 ;Chen et al 2015 ), and thus the pattern of liana distribution appears to be controlled predominantly by the ability of lianas to grow when their tree competitors are largely dormant. By contrast, lianas may be in much lower abundance in aseasonal, wet forests, where water is rarely limiting and radiation is relatively low year-round, and thus lianas gain no such advantage .…”

Section: Pan-tropical Distribution Of Relative Liana Density and Divementioning

confidence: 90%

Biodiversity of Lianas

Parthasarathy¹

2015

Sustainable Development and Biodiversity

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This book series provides complete, comprehensive and broad subject based reviews about existing biodiversity of different habitats and conservation strategies in the framework of different technologies, ecosystem diversity, and genetic diversity. The ways by which these resources are used with sustainable management and replenishment are also dealt with. The topics of interest include but are not restricted only to sustainable development of various ecosystems and conservation of hotspots, traditional methods and role of local people, threatened and endangered species, global climate change and effect on biodiversity, invasive species, impact of various activities on biodiversity, biodiversity conservation in sustaining livelihoods and reducing poverty, and technologies available and required. The books in this series will be useful to botanists, environmentalists, marine biologists, policy makers, conservationists, and NGOs working for environment protection.More information about this series at

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Phenotypic correlates of the lianescent growth form: a review

Cited by 99 publications

References 120 publications

Species Divergence and Phylogenetic Variation of Ecophysiological Traits in Lianas and Trees

Species Divergence and Phylogenetic Variation of Ecophysiological Traits in Lianas and Trees

Unravelling roots of lianas: a case study in Sapindaceae

Biodiversity of Lianas

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