Phenotypic and genetic characterization of Botrytis cinerea isolates from tomato

Abstract

One hundred and twenty-three isolates of Botrytis cinerea were collected from 7 different areas in the Republic of Macedonia, where tomato is mostly grown in greenhouses and high tunnels. Based on the mycelial formation, intensity of sporulation and sclerotial production, 9 different phenotypes were detected: 4 mycelial and 5 sclerotial. One sclerotial morphological type has not been previously reported. The presence or absence of two transposable elements, boty and flipper, was detected by PCR. Out of 123 isolates, 20 had two transposable elements, boty and flipper (transposa genotype), 48 had neither of these elements (vacuma genotype) and 55 had only the flipper element (flipper genotype). Isolates that contain only boty element were not detected. No relationship between the phenotypes, origin of isolates and the presence/absence of transposable elements, boty and flipper, was found

Antagonistic activity of Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma harzianum against genetically diverse Botrytis cinerea isolates

“…A total of 123 Botrytis cinerea isolates were obtained from naturally infected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) organs (stems, leaves, and fruits) from seven different regions in Republic of Macedonia, where tomato is grown under high tunnels and greenhouses. In order to define the genetic group of the isolates, according to the presence/absence of transposable elements (boty and flipper), molecular characterization was performed (Kuzmanovska et al, 2012). From a collection of 123 isolates, 18 isolates from all seven regions which belonged to different genetic groups (transposa, vacuma, and flipper) were selected for further in vitro analyses (Table 1).…”

“…It is one of the most important diseases in commercial greenhouse production of vegetables all over the world, especially in tomato and cucumber (Borges et al, 2014;Soliman et al, 2015). In the Republic of Macedonia, grey mold of tomato is the leading disease in greenhouse production of tomato, with yield losses that can surpass 70% (Kuzmanovska et al, 2012). Despite the great phenotypic variability (Valiuskaite et al, 2010;Kuzmanovska et al, 2012), many authors confirmed that this fungus also possesses great genetic diversity, which is mainly due to the presence or absence of two transposable elements, boty (Diolez et al, 1995) and flipper (Levis et al, 1997).…”

“…In the Republic of Macedonia, grey mold of tomato is the leading disease in greenhouse production of tomato, with yield losses that can surpass 70% (Kuzmanovska et al, 2012). Despite the great phenotypic variability (Valiuskaite et al, 2010;Kuzmanovska et al, 2012), many authors confirmed that this fungus also possesses great genetic diversity, which is mainly due to the presence or absence of two transposable elements, boty (Diolez et al, 1995) and flipper (Levis et al, 1997). Based on the presence/absence of these two transposable elements, many authors confirmed that B. cinerea is a complex species, composed of at least two genetic groups, transposa and vacuma.…”

“…Transposa group contains both transposable elements, whereas vacuma group has neither of these two elements (Vaczy et al, 2008;Tanovic et al, 2009). Furthermore, isolates that contain only boty (Tanovic et al, 2009) or only flipper (Vaczy et al, 2008;Kuzmanovska et al, 2012) are also detected. Control of grey mold disease in tomato is mainly based on common applications of fungicides, but the key problem is the ability of the fungus to become resistant to frequently applied fungicides (Zhao et al, 2010;Esterio et al, 2011;Walker et al, 2013;Hahn, 2014).…”

Phenotypic Variation of Botrytis cinerea Isolates Is Influenced by Spectral Light Quality

“…B. cinerea isolates show phenotypic and genetic variability. Differences in colony morphology, mycelial growth, sporulation intensity, sclerotia formation, and pathogenicity have been described ( Di Lenna et al., 1981 ; Martinez et al., 2003 ; Khazaeli et al., 2010 ; Pande et al., 2010 ; Kuzmanovska et al., 2012 ; Kumari et al., 2014 ). B. cinerea produces a battery of extracellular enzymes, including pectinases and pectin methylesterases ( Reignault et al., 1994 ).…”