Phenomenon of Icing and a Review of Ice Accretion Nomograms, Models and Charts in Navigation

Abstract

The paper presents results of research based on analysis of marine icing nomograms, models and charts using in the sea navigation. The problem of ships icing occurs in specific weather and geographical conditions. Every year numbers of vessels navigate in these areas meet a phenomenon of icing. Ice on decks of ships can be formed from fresh water or sea (salt) water. Ships operating in waters where the phenomime of icing is occurred use for safety navigation icing nomograms and icing charts. Icing charts are created based on icing models. The main aim of the article is to perform a review of currently used in the sea navigation icing nomograms and icing maps, based on icing models, used in navigation to depict the phenomenon of icing.

Stability of Vessels in an Ice-free Arctic

“…Qf = Qc +Qe + Qd +Qr (6) The effect of snow, Qs, is neglected because of uncertainties related to amount of water accumulation by the snow (Samuelsen and Naseri, 2018). Other research shows that wet snow has low density and weak adhesion during forming.…”

“…The marine activities often had to deal with major safety challenges, like encountering sea ice, getting frozen into the ice, remoteness, darkness, poor visibility, long distances, etc. However, one of the major safety challenges these ships had to deal with, and still have to deal with is ship icing (Dyrcz, 2019). This phenomenon occurs in temperatures below subfreezing of seawater where sea spray may, in combination with snow and different atmospheric conditions, freeze on the ship's hull and superstructures, followed by both reduced ship stability and lowering freeboard.…”