Phenomenology of a water venting in low earth orbit

Kofsky, I. L.; Rall, David L. A.; Maris, M.; Tran, Nghia; Murad, Edmond; Pike, C. P.; Knecht, David J.; Viereck, R. A.; Stair, A. T.; Setayesh, A.

doi:10.1016/0094-5765(92)90079-x

Cited by 14 publications

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“…which considering their previously observedl 0 irregular ('bowl' and *dish') shapes and broad overall-size distribution should be viewed as an ill-defined average figure. Application of the above energy balance equations led to the results that this radius decreases by <5% over a 21/ km initial flight path and that these discrete particles survive for several hr 4 . In the first -1 s diffusion of heat from their interior controls the temperature at their immediate surface, an effect that we took into account both in Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 1 summarizes the Discovery, trail parameters estimated from this procedure 4 , including an absolute visible brightness. Approximately 2 % of the water released, or one-eighth of that which evaporates in the process of freezing and further cooling the remaining mass, forms into droplets whose initial radus ro is 0.3 Am.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 is in the direction expected from progressive roughening of the surface of ice exposed to vacuum in the laboratory 13 , which has the effect of increasing the imaginary component of its index of refraction and therewith slowing the decrease of its temperature and sublimation rate. An empirical fit to these AMOS data is achieved 3,4 by increasing the Z's by a term proportional to the square root of (ro -r). a dependence that may arise from the "statistical" nature of the irregular particle erosion (a linear dependence on the decrease in radius gave worse fits to the data).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Discovery images also allowed us to bound the fraction of this evolved vapor from a routine operational venting that recondenses as it expands across the gassolid equilibrium line of the phase diagram of water substance, and to determine the dependence on their distance from . Orbiter of the diameters of both these Rayleigh-Mie size droplets and the "geometric'-scattering, polydisperse strea.mrupture particles" 4 . These particles show no evidence of returning to the spacecraft.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both of these effects have been seen in laboratory tank simulations I0 , which indicated that an outer ice 'shell' quickly formed on the fragmentation droplets cracks and occasionally even breaks off under the increased pressure from their less-dense, still-unfrozen interior water. This beam of particles, whose dimensions are of the order of the venting nozzle diameter 4 ' ,8 0 , diverges at sensibly the same angle as the trail seen from AMOS (-215 radian; see Fig. 2) and projects back to an apex roughly V/ m out from the orifice.…”

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<title>Optical properties of water released in low earth orbit</title>

et al. 1992

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A D --266 9 '1 kG I0MSNyo, 0704-0 188iii c G ~the lime for rqv,*t.g ifftuuuvorn. searchmf esiIMnq data I0 =7gg a n manc l IIlIIIIIII Swll rend fll falmmitili egrding thi ,rden estimate of any~ Othtr asetOf hi 0-% "K&V 9nOm lllili .i 11111II111li l souner $r,.Oi r ota Ic lot inflion 00 oraoris and Repoili. 9 i AGENCY USE ONLY (Ledvi 93-14691Analysis of intensified video photographs of a twilight venting Of excess water from space shuttle showed that the -1 mm diameter stream cavitasionally fragments within about 1 =. forming two discrete-Particle components and vaOor. The images from nearby cameras are domitiated by irregular, polydisverse water/ice droplets with sizes comparable with the venting orifice and outward velocity indistiguishable from that of the initially coherent Liquid. In contrs-st the 2VA lzz-loog quasconical mril imaged from a distant ground station consists of 1cc opaflyifl submicroO ice spberules that were produc-Ed by partial recoodensation of the overexpanded vacuum-evaporatted water gas, which are sublimating at rates that we calculated from the measured faloff of aial sunlight-scatter radiance and the energy balance of progressively roughening ice at 329 Ian altiude-, at low latitudes they cool to 180K in < 1 s. 2nd their radii transition to the Rayleigh-SCa2tttrilg range in LMi The very much larger fragmentation particles come to a slightly higher equiLibrium temperature within -2 min, and persist for a few earth orbits. Thes three components of the vented water (and other high vapor pressure liquids) radiate and scatter earthshine and solar photons. and tne orbital-velocity molecules are also excited by collisions with the residual atmlospheric gas, overlaying wide-angle conaminating foregrounds On remotc Optical sensing from onboard. The particle sizes, diensities, and tEmpes-anres derived from the visible data are applied in eswtin~fg ultraviolet and iafrared radiances of the icei'vapor-containing volumes near Shuttle Orbiter. SUBJECT TERMS NUMBER OF PAGES Optical properties Orbital-velocity molecules 12Low Rarth orbit Solar photons PL-TR-93-2134Optical properties of water released in low earth orbit ABSTR-CrAnalysis of intensified video photographs of a twilight venting of excess water from space shuttle showed that the -1 mm diameter stream cavitationally fragments within about I m, forming two discrete-particle components and vapor. The images from nearby cameras are dominated by irregular, polydisperse water/ice droplets with sizes comparable with the venting orifice and outward velocity indistinguishable from that of the initially coherent liquid. In contrast the 2'h ki-long quasiconical trail imaged from a distant ground station consists of accompanying submicron ice spherules that were produced by partial recondensation of the overexpanded vacuum-evaporated water gas, which are sublimating at rates that we calculated from the measured falloff of axial sunlight-scatter radiance and the energy balance of progressively roughening ice at 329 kim altitude; at low latitudes they co...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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