Phenomenological and comorbid features associated in obsessive–compulsive disorder: influence of age of onset

Kraepelin’s views on obsessive neurosis: a comparison with DSM-5 criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder

“…To Kraepelin, several compulsive phenomena -such as the inclination to calculate or count, to change/reverse words, to remember things, to follow certain rules when walking-can be found in children quite frequently, yet they might wear off later on. Recent studies have confirmed some of Kraepelin's observations, including increased prevalence of counting symptoms 28 and a favorable outcome of OCD in children. 29 Kraepelin also referred to ''primary compulsive drives'' or urges (primä re Zwangsantriebe according to Lö wenfeld 30 ), which were ''sparse acts'' restricted to ''extremely harmless expressions'' often occurring only once, like one isolated episode of cursing when celebrating something, intermixing blasphemic expressions into prayers, coprolalic episodes, or throwing an object onto the ground [IV, 1874].…”

Study of Metabolic Syndrome in Diabetic and Non-Diabetics

“…18,40 Lifetime prevalence rate for panic disorder in primary OCD patients is between 12% to 15%. 36,41 OCD with comorbid GAD was associated with higher rates of indecisiveness and pathological responsibility among adults. 42 Anorexia and bulimia nervosa have high incidence of comorbid OCD.…”

“…34 About 1/3 rd adult OCD patients also have depression and 13% for bipolar disorder. 35,36 Comorbid Bipolar Disorder may herald an episodic course of OCD. 37,38,39 OCD is distinct from other anxiety disorders in that males and females have similar lifetime prevalence rate for OCD.…”

“…43 Lifetime prevalence rate for hypochondriasis in a sample of primary OCD patients to be 23%. 36 About one third to one half of patients with Tourette's disorder are afflicted with OCD. 44 Also, high rate of OCD and tics were found in the first-degree relatives of children with OCD.…”

“…50 Most common personality disorders were obsessive compulsive personality disorder (46%) and avoidant (31%). 36 Table 5: Educational Status Table 5 shows that 15 of the total sample (30%) were illiterate while 22 (44%) had up to secondary schooling and 13 (26%) had education up to graduation. Table 6: Family Income Table 6 shows that 16 (32%) of OCD patients belong to low income group whereas family income of 31 (62%) and 3 (6%) patients belong to middle income and high income group.…”