Phenomenal Simultaneity with Irregular Timing of Components of the Visual Stimulus

Lichtenstein, M.

doi:10.2466/pms.1961.12.1.47

Cited by 43 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 19 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…On the other hand, the relative duration of the stimuli and the interval play an almost insignificant role. These results confirm those obtained by the abovementioned authors and lend fresh support to the theses of those who believe in the existence of a psychological moment (Stroud, 1955;Lichtenstein, 1961;White,1963).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…This problem has not received much attention. Using four dots or lights arranged in such a way as to form a diamond, Lichtenstein (1961) found that, when flashed successively, the four dots were perceived as forming the diamond if the total duration between the lighting of the first and fourth dot did not exceed 125 msec. ; variations in the temporal intervals having no effect within these limits.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Visual perceptive simultaneity and masking of letters successively presented

Fraisse

1966

Perception & Psychophysics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

taneously, provided the total duration of successive flashes did not exceed 100 msec,The purpose of this work is to verify and render more precise these results, and particularly: (a) to compare the laws of this phenomenon with letters or dots in a geometrical pattern; (b) to compare the laws of percaptive integration to those of lateral masking (or metacontrast) between letters themselves, when we change the duration of the stimuli and of the interval.Under what temporal conditions are letters successively presented seen as simultaneous or successive? This problem has not received much attention. Using four dots or lights arranged in such a way as to form a diamond, Lichtenstein (1961) found that, when flashed successively, the four dots were perceived as forming the diamond if the total duration between the lighting of the first and fourth dot did not exceed 125 msec.; variations in the temporal intervals having no effect within these limits. Results are not so precise when letters or words are used as stimuli; however, Hylan (1903) had noticed that six letters are viewed as simultaneous, whatever the order of presentation maybe, provided the total duration does not exceed 80 msec. Stein (1928) showed that the letters of a word when flashed successively, in direct or in reverse order, were perceived in the same way as if the letters were presented simul- MethodWith a three channel tachistoscope (Scientific Prototype model) the subject is presented with apreliminary stimulus (followed by a light interval of the same luminance) after which a second follows.Six-letter words of which letters 1-3-5 form a word and letters 2-4-6 another, were chosen. Example: F LE URI formed with FER and LUI. The first and the second words are respectively the first and the second stimuli. Letters are presented in such a way that in simultaneous presentation both stimuli are perceived as forming only one word. Capital letters are used (letters were 4 rom high and 3 to 4 rnm thick). We used eight words of the same type as F LEU R 1. Each subject was presented with two different words in order to neutralize the structural and frequency effects of the words.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual perceptive simultaneity and masking of letters successively presented

Fraisse

1966

Perception & Psychophysics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…3 Thus, while the weak notion of simultaneity may be acceptable, the strong definition certainly does not generally hold. Stimuli are "simultaneous" in Lichtenstein's (1961) and Fraisse's (1966) experiments only in the sense that the Es have not asked a sufficiently vigorous question and have thus set their Ss to use only part of the available information. In such situations as the present study and the forward-and backward-masking studies, the S is essentially freed from these constraints on the use of all available information and is able to perform as if the stimulus and mask were asynchronous.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some of the recent studies concerned with simultaneity (e.g., Lichtenstein, 1961;Fraisse, 1966), the psychophysical method asks directly of the S, "Are the two (or more) stimuli simultaneous?" Typically, the results of experimental questions posed in this manner indicate that when two stimuli are separated by an interval of less than about 100 msec, Ss answer this question affirmatively.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Violations of visual simultaneity

Uttal

1970

Perception & Psychophysics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The interval then __ remains constant with further increases to 3 and 4 diopters. The results are discussed in terms 0 of the relative increase of transient to sustained visual channels and of the increase in apparent 1l• movement."--M-In a number of studies the amount of time that must elapse between the presentation S-of two spatially disparate stimuli for the perception of temporal order or of nonsimul-___ taneity have been measured (Efron 1963;Hirsch and Sherrick 1961;Lichtenstein • • 1961;Mayzner and Agresti 1978;Parks 1968;Robinson 1967;Rutschmann 1966Rutschmann , 1973Sweet 1953;Westheimer and McKee 1977). From these studies it has been concluded that the perception of temporal order requires a temporal interval of from 3 to 50 ms, depending on the experimental conditions and criteria.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Defocussing the Image on the Perception of the Temporal Order of Flashing Lights

Luria

Newacheck

1992

Perception

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. The temporal interval between flashing lights that is required to perceive nonsimultaneity decreases as the refractive error increases from 0 to +2 diopters. The interval then __ remains constant with further increases to 3 and 4 diopters. The results are discussed in terms 0 of the relative increase of transient to sustained visual channels and of the increase in apparent 1l• movement."--M-In a number of studies the amount of time that must elapse between the presentation S-of two spatially disparate stimuli for the perception of temporal order or of nonsimul-___ taneity have been measured (Efron 1963;Hirsch and Sherrick 1961;Lichtenstein • • 1961;Mayzner and Agresti 1978;Parks 1968;Robinson 1967;Rutschmann 1966Rutschmann , 1973Sweet 1953;Westheimer and McKee 1977). From these studies it has been concluded that the perception of temporal order requires a temporal interval of from 3 to 50 ms, depending on the experimental conditions and criteria. It is clear that a number of variables have an effect on the value. One of the variables which has apparently not been studied is the effect of defocussing the visual display. One might expect this to degrade visual performance as it does, for example, with foveal or Snellen visual acuity. But this is not always the case. Although refractive error quickly degrades Snellen acuity, it has little effect on peripheral acuity (Millodot et al 1975) and even less effect on grating acuity (Thorn and Schwartz 1990). Refractive error affects size constancy but not shape constancy (Leibowitz et al 1978). In some cases, defocussing of the retinal image actually results in an improvement in visual performance: Harmon (1973) showed that recognition of block faces is improved, and Gordon and Field (1978) reported better performance on pseudoisochromatic plates.Of more relevance to the question of the perception of temporal order are the findings of Di Lollo and Woods (1981): defocussing the image decreases the duration of visual persistence. This suggests that the ability to perceive that two stimuli are not simultaneous may be enhanced in this way.2 Method 2.1 Subjects Ten staff members of the laboratory volunteered to serve as subjects. They ranged in age from 23 to 62 years (mean, 40.8 ± 10.7 years). All but one were corrected to 20/20 visual acuity; the tenth subject could only be corrected to 20/30, but his results were the same as the others and were therefore included. Only two of the subjects had any knowledge about the purpose of the experiment. ApparatusThe observers viewed two lights flashing every 2 s. The flashing lights were produced by two sets of two concentric cylinders. The two inner cylinders were yoked and made to rotate in opposite directions (figure 1). The left cylinder rotated at a given

show abstract

Phenomenal Simultaneity with Irregular Timing of Components of the Visual Stimulus

Cited by 43 publications

References 19 publications

Visual perceptive simultaneity and masking of letters successively presented

Visual perceptive simultaneity and masking of letters successively presented

Violations of visual simultaneity

The Effect of Defocussing the Image on the Perception of the Temporal Order of Flashing Lights

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About