Phenols in whisky

Lehtonen, Matti

doi:10.1007/bf02258900

Cited by 31 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Guaiacol concentrations of compounds were as much as 100 times higher than those found in some literature, and comparable to others [12][13][14][15][16]. Eugenol concentrations were 10 times higher than those found in some literature and slightly less than double those found in others [12][13][14][15][16]. Vanillin concentrations were comparable to some at the 10 gallon size and comparable to others at the 2 gallon size [12][13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 71%

Extraction of Wood Constituents from Non-Conventional, Small Whiskey Barrels

2016

J Food Process Beverages

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 71%

Extraction of Wood Constituents from Non-Conventional, Small Whiskey Barrels

2016

J Food Process Beverages

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“…A positive and significant (p < 0.05) correlation was likewise found between this attribute and the contents in 4-ethylguaiacol and eugenol (r = 0.49 and 0.57, respectively), two compounds which are associated with ''spicy" notes (Flavornet, 2008;Ledauphin, Guichard, Saint-Clair, Picoche, & Barillier, 2003). The contents of these phenols detected in the experimental spirits were higher than odour thresholds detected in whiskies and an ethanol-water solution (Lehtonen, 1982). The scores of the attributes ''spicy" and ''toasty", usually related to aging in wood (Caldeira et al, 2002;Clyne, Conner, Paterson, & Piggott, 1993;Cutzach, Chatonnet, Henry, & Dubourdieu, 1997), were very low.…”

Section: Sensory Profile and Chemical Composition Of Cider Distillatesmentioning

confidence: 52%

Effect of cider maturation on the chemical and sensory characteristics of fresh cider spirits

Madrera

Lobo

Alonso

2010

Food Research International

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“…Cresols occur naturally in oils of some plants and are formed during combustion of cigarettes, petroleum-based fuels, coal, wood, and other natural materials (IPCS, 1995). Various foods and beverages contain cresols (Lehtonen, 1982; Ho et al 1983; Suriyaphan et al, 2001; Kilic and Lindsay, 2005; Guillén et al, 2006; Zhou et al, 2002) and cresols have been detected in air, sediment, soil, surface and groundwater, primarily near point sources (McKnight et al, 1982; Bezacinsky et al 1984; Jay and Stieglitz, 1995; Nielsen et al, 1995; Jin et al, 1999; Schwarzbauer et al, 2000; Thornton et al, 2001; Atagana et al, 2003; Tortajada-Genaro et al, 2003). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carcinogenesis studies of cresols in rats and mice

et al. 2009

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Cresols, monomethyl derivatives of phenol, are high production chemicals with potential for human exposure. The three isomeric forms of cresol are used individually or in mixtures as disinfectants, preservatives, and solvents or as intermediates in the production of antioxidants, fragrances, herbicides, insecticides, dyes, and explosives. Carcinogenesis studies were conducted in groups of 50 male F344/N rats and 50 female B6C3F1 mice exposed to a 60:40 mixture of m and p cresols (m-/p-cresol) in feed. Rats and mice were fed diets containing 0, 1500, 5000, or 15,000 ppm and 0, 1000, 3000, or 10,000 ppm, respectively. Survival of each exposed group was similar to that of their respective control group. Mean body weight gains were depressed in rats exposed to 15,000 ppm and in mice exposed to 3000 ppm and higher. A decrease of 25% over that of controls for the final mean body weight in mice exposed to 10,000 ppm appeared to be associated with lack of palatability of the feed. A marginally increased incidence of renal tubule adenoma was observed in the 15,000 ppm-exposed rats. The increased incidence was not statistically significant, but did exceed the range of historical controls. No increased incidence of hyperplasia of the renal tubules was observed; however, a significantly increased incidence of hyperplasia of the transitional epithelium associated with an increased incidence of nephropathy was observed at the high exposure concentration. The only significantly increased incidence of a neoplastic lesion related to cresol exposure observed in these studies was that of squamous cell papilloma in the forestomach of 10,000 ppm-exposed mice. A definitive association with irritation at the site-of-contact could not be made because of limited evidence of injury to the gastric mucosa at the time of necropsy. However, given the minimal chemical-related neoplastic response in these studies, it was concluded that there was no clear evidence of carcinogenicity in male rats or female mice exposed to the cresol mixture.

show abstract

Phenols in whisky

Cited by 31 publications

References 8 publications

Extraction of Wood Constituents from Non-Conventional, Small Whiskey Barrels

Extraction of Wood Constituents from Non-Conventional, Small Whiskey Barrels

Effect of cider maturation on the chemical and sensory characteristics of fresh cider spirits

Carcinogenesis studies of cresols in rats and mice

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