Phenoloxidase activity and organic carbon dynamics in historic Anthrosols in Scotland, UK

Abstract

Phenolic compounds are chemical precursor building blocks of soil organic matter. Their occurrence can be inhibitory to certain enzymes present in soil, thereby influencing the rate of decomposition of soil organic matter. Microbe-derived phenoloxidases (laccases) are extracellular enzymes capable of degrading recalcitrant polyphenolic compounds. In this study, our aim was to investigate the relationships between phenoloxidase enzyme activity, organic carbon content and microbial abundance in the context of long-term anthropogenically amended soils. To achieve this, we used a series of complementary biochemical analytical methods including gas chromatography, enzyme assays and solid-state Carbon-13 Cross Polarisation Magic-Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (13C CPMAS NMR). Using several anthrosols found in St Andrews (Scotland, UK) that had been subjected to intense anthropogenic modification since the medieval period (11th century AD) to present-day, we were able to scope the impact of past waste disposal on soils. The long-term anthropogenic impact led to organic matter-rich soils. Overall, phenoloxidase activity increased by up to 2-fold with soil depth (up to 100 cm) and was inversely correlated with microbial biomass. Solid-state 13C NMR characterisation of carbon species revealed that the observed decline in soil organic matter with depth corresponded to decreases in the labile organic carbon fractions as evidenced by changes in the O/N-alkyl C region of the spectra. The increase in phenoloxidase activity with depth would appear to be a compensatory mechanism for the reduced quantities of organic carbon and lower overall nutrient environment in subsoils. By enzymatically targeting phenolic compounds, microbes can better utilise recalcitrant carbon when other labile soil carbon sources become limited, thereby maintaining metabolic processes.

Organic Carbon Speciation in Urban Anthrosols—The Legacy of Historical Waste Management

“…A greater consideration to the fact that these soils represent the consequences of a specific set of historical land uses, and understanding that there is a time-depth linkage associated with such soils, in relation to their characteristics and management that varies by location, are therefore paramount. A recent study by Esiana et al [11] on soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics on urban anthrosols highlighted the biochemical interactions at play, and the role of the extracellular enzyme phenoloxidase in the decomposition of SOM.…”

Enzyme Activity and Organic Carbon Content in Agricultural Spodosol

“…(29) показана положительная корреляция между содержанием воды в почве и активностью ПФО. Кроме того, было обнаружено, что доступность кислорода ограничивает активность полифенолоксидазы в субстрате (30).…”