Phenology of eelgrass, Zostera marina L., along latitudinal gradients in North America

Phillips, Ronald C.; McMillan, Calvin; Bridges, Kent W.

doi:10.1016/0304-3770(83)90025-6

Cited by 84 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Orth 1975Orth , 1976 which reduces competition and thus seedling survival. Phillips et al (1983) showed that Zostera marina flowering increased due to environmental stress and disturbance, which suggests an increase in the source of seeds in disturbed areas. Modeling of clonal terrestrial plants has shown that frequent disturbance and high seedling recruitment can increase overall genotypic diversity (Watkinson & Powell 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eelgrass restoration by seed maintains genetic diversity: case study from a coastal bay system

Reynolds

Waycott²,

McGlathery³

et al. 2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Genetic diversity is positively associated with plant fitness, stability, and the provision of ecosystem services. Preserving genetic diversity is therefore considered an important component of ecosystem restoration as well as a measure of its success. We examined the genetic diversity of restored Zostera marina meadows in a coastal bay system along the USA mid-Atlantic coast using microsatellite markers to compare donor and recipient meadows. We show that donor meadows in Chesapeake Bay have high genetic diversity and that this diversity is maintained in meadows restored with seeds in the Virginia coastal bays. No evidence of inbreeding depression was detected (F IS −0.2 to 0) in either donor or recipient meadows, which is surprising because high levels of inbreeding were expected following the population contractions that occurred in Chesapeake Bay populations due to disease and heat stress. Additionally, there was no evidence for selection of genotypes at the restoration sites, suggesting that as long as donor sites are chosen carefully, issues that diminish fitness and survival such as heterosis or out-breeding depression can be avoided. A cluster analysis showed that, in addition to the Chesapeake Bay populations that acted as donors, the Virginia coastal bay populations shared a genetic signal with Chincoteague Bay populations, their closest neighbor to the north, suggesting that natural recruitment into the area may be occurring and augmenting restored populations. We hypothesize that the high genetic diversity in seagrasses restored using seeds rather than adult plants confers a greater level of ecosystem resilience to the restored meadows.KEY WORDS: Seagrass · Zostera marina · Restoration · Genetic diversity · Microsatellite DNA Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher Contribution to the Theme Section 'Eelgrass recovery'OPEN PEN ACCESS CCESS

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eelgrass restoration by seed maintains genetic diversity: case study from a coastal bay system

Reynolds

Waycott²,

McGlathery³

et al. 2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…This was much earlier than perennial populations within the region which exhibit biennial characteristics and do not flower until their second year of growth (Silberhorn et al 1983, Phillips et al 1983b, Thayer et al 1984. They also produced a greater number of flowering shoots per m −2 (maximum 603 ± 157 shoots m ; Phillips et al 1983b, this study). In addition, a larger proportion of reproductive shoots (33 ± 3%) were found in the mixedannual population compared to perennial beds (<10 to 28% of total shoots; Jacobs & Pierson 1981, Silberhorn et al 1983, Thayer et al 1984, Olesen 1999.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Characterization and ecological implication of eelgrass life history strategies near the species’ southern limit in the western North Atlantic

Jarvis¹,

Moore²,

Kenworthy³

2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Eelgrass Zostera marina L. populations located near the species southern limit in the western North Atlantic were assessed monthly from July 2007 through November 2008. We identified (1) dominant life history strategies and local environmental conditions in southern Z. marina populations, (2) quantified differences in reproductive phenology between populations and different local environmental conditions, and (3) compared reproductive strategies to established annual and perennial life history paradigms. Observed populations expressed both life history strategies with one Z. marina population completely losing aboveground biomass and reestablishing from seeds (annual model) while another population retained aboveground biomass throughout the year (perennial model). A third life history strategy, characterized here as a mixed-annual population, was also observed after some seedlings were found to reproduce both sexually and asexually during their first year of growth thereby not conforming to any currently established life history paradigm. Development of multiple life history strategies within this region may be in response to stressful summer water temperatures associated with the southern edge of the species' range. We suggest that neither annual nor perennial life history strategies always provide a superior mechanism for population persistence as perennial populations can be susceptible to multiple consecutive years of stress, and annual populations are unable to fully exploit available resources throughout much of the year. The mixed-annual strategy observed here represents another possible life history model which may provide the mechanism necessary for Z. marina populations to persist during times of environmental transition.KEY WORDS: Zostera marina · Life-history · Annual · Perennial · Seed bank · Biomass Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 444: [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56] 2012 populations have also been documented to express behavior similar to the biennial life history model (Setchell, 1929). After germinating, seedling growth in biennial populations occurred via clonal expansion only and flowering stem development and fruiting were not observed until after a period of 1 to 2 yr of growth (Setchell 1929;Thayer et al. 1984). More recently an annual life history strategy has been described for Z. marina populations, where mature plants consist of reproductive (flowering) shoots only and all plants complete their life cycle (seeds germinate, flower, produce seeds) and die within 12 mo (Keddy & Patriquin, 1978, Gagnon et al. 1980, De Cock 1981, Harlin et al. 1982, Phillips et al. 1983a, Robertson & Mann 1984, Santamaría-Gallegos et al. 2000.Although they have been documented throughout the species' geographic distribution, annual forms of Zostera marina are primarily found in areas characterized by stressful environmental conditions such as ice scour (Robertson & Mann 1984), extreme temperatures (Phillips...

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“…Underwater light reduction can be caused by algal blooms due to inputs of excess anthropogenic nutrients, as well as resuspension of bottom sediments and dredging (Orth and Moore 1983, Cambridge et al 1986, Onuf 1994. Water temperature has been also considered to be a major factor regulating seasonal seagrass growth, since temperature significantly affects the biochemical processes involved in photosynthesis and respiration (Phillips et al 1983, Lee and Dunton 1996, Lee et al 2005. Seagrass productivities usually show a distinct seasonal trend, increasing during spring and summer and decreasing during fall and winter (Vermaat et al 1987, Lee and Dunton 1996, Lee et al 2005.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth dynamics of the seagrass, Zostera marina in Jindong Bay on the southern coast of Korea

Kim¹,

Kim²,

Kim³

et al. 2012

ALGAE

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Growth dynamics of the seagrass, Zostera marina were examined at the two stations (Myungju and Dagu) in Jindong Bay on the southern coast of Korea. Eelgrass leaf productivities, underwater irradiance, water temperature, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in water column and sediments, and tissue carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content were monitored monthly from March 2002 to January 2004. Underwater irradiance fluctuated highly without a clear seasonal trend, whereas water temperature showed a distinct seasonal trend at both study stations. Water column DIN concentrations were usually less than 5 μM at both study sites. Sediment pore water NH 4 + and NO 3 -+ NO 2 -concentrations were higher at the Myungju site than at the Dagu site. Eelgrass leaf productivity at both study sites exhibited a distinct seasonality, increasing during spring and decreasing during summer. Seasonal variation of eelgrass productivity was not consistent with seasonal patterns of underwater irradiance, or water temperature. Eelgrass tissue C and N content at both study sites also showed significant seasonal variations. Relationships between tissue C and N content and leaf productivities exhibited usually negative correlations at both study sites. These negative correlations implied that the growth of Z. marina at the study sites was probably limited by C and N supplies during the high growth periods.Key Words: growth dynamics; irradiance; nutrient availability; seagrass; temperature; tissue C and N content; Zostera marina INTRODUCTIONSeagrasses are known to play an important role as a primary producer in coastal and estuarine ecosystems (McRoy and McMillan 1977, Zieman and Wetzel 1980, Lee and Dunton 1996. Seagrasses can affect the coastal and estuarine environment by enhancing sedimentation and reducing current and wave energy (Fonseca 1989). Seagrasses also improve water qualities of coasts and estuaries by removing over-enriched inorganic nutrients through leaf uptake McRoy 1984, Lee andDunton 1999). Moreover, seagrass meadows provide habitats for commercially and ecologically valuable marine organisms (Holmquist et al. 1989, Montague andLey 1993). Since seagrass production is essential to support coastal and estuarine ecosystems, examination of seagrass growth dynamics is critical to understand functions and values of seagrass at a certain area in coastal and estuarine ecosystems.The primary productivity of seagrass is usually controlled by underwater irradiance, water temperature, and inorganic nutrient availabilities (Wetzel and Penhale Received July 20, 2012, Accepted August 14, 2012 *Corresponding Author E-mail: klee@pusan.ac.kr Tel: +82-51-510-2255+82-51-510- , Fax: +82-51-581-2962 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 216 be important factors for estimation of whole ...

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Phenology of eelgrass, Zostera marina L., along latitudinal gradients in North America

Cited by 84 publications

References 11 publications

Eelgrass restoration by seed maintains genetic diversity: case study from a coastal bay system

Eelgrass restoration by seed maintains genetic diversity: case study from a coastal bay system

Characterization and ecological implication of eelgrass life history strategies near the species’ southern limit in the western North Atlantic

Growth dynamics of the seagrass, Zostera marina in Jindong Bay on the southern coast of Korea

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