Phenological variation of flower longevity and duration of sex phases in a protandrous alpine plant: potential causes and fitness significance

Zhao, Zhi Gang; Hou, Meng; Wang, Yijie; Du, Guozhen

doi:10.1186/s12870-020-02356-w

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…The female phase is expected to end as soon as sufficient fertilization ARTICLES is achieved, or even earlier, for instance as soon as pollen is deposited, in response to floral maintenance costs and the time needed to fulfill the male function. As expected, pollination has been shown to shorten floral longevity in dichogamous species (Mione et al, 2017; but see Zhao et al, 2020), and more specifically to shorten the duration of the female phase in both protogynous (Gottsberger et al, 1980;Wells & Lloyd, 1991) and protandrous (Devlin & Stephenson, 1984;Richardson & Stephenson, 1989) species. Pollen removal and increased pollinator availability are also known to shorten the duration of the male phase in protandrous species (Devlin & Stephenson, 1984;Richardson & Stephenson, 1989;Sargent & Roitberg, 2000;Giblin, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Mechanical stimulation of the stigmas triggers switch from female to male phase in the protogynous trap flower of Aristolochia rotunda (Aristolochiaceae)

Blatrix,

Kidyoo,

Matrougui

et al. 2023

Mediterr. Bot.

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Floral longevity is a selected trait that shows plasticity, allowing plants to balance resource allocation and reproduction. In dichogamous flowers—in which female and male functions are decoupled in time—the duration of the female phase is expected to vary according to pollination status. We used Aristolochia rotunda as a model to test the hypothesis that the female phase should be shortened following pollen deposition on the stigma, and to identify the signal for phase switching. Aristolochia flowers are protogynous (female phase first) and trap pollinators for several days (trap flowers). The four experimental treatments we applied to flowers, i.e. hand pollination, presence of pollinators with or without pollen load in the flower, and deposition of a nylon thread on the stigma, shortened the female phase to a similar extent, demonstrating that the duration of the female phase depended on the presence of pollinators, independently of whether or not they carried pollen, and that mechanical stimulation of the stigmas was the signal for phase switching. Temperature was also shown to shorten the female stage. This mechanism of post-anthesis floral changes is original because usually such changes are triggered by chemical interactions between pollen and stigmas. We interpret the mechanical signal used in A. rotunda for phase switching to be adaptive when pollinators are limiting, because switching to the male phase even if the trapped pollinator does not bring pollen would ensure fulfilling the flower’s male function.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Mechanical stimulation of the stigmas triggers switch from female to male phase in the protogynous trap flower of Aristolochia rotunda (Aristolochiaceae)

Blatrix,

Kidyoo,

Matrougui

et al. 2023

Mediterr. Bot.

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“…Flowers longevity is a very important commercial character, since represents the time that flowers remain viable for selling, and higher viability for be used by the consumer (ZHAO et al 2020).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of preservative solutions on postharvest of Eustoma Grandiflorum floral stems during refrigerated storage

Höhn,

Peil,

Grolli

et al. 2023

Braz. J. Develop.

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Preservative solutions contribute to flowers post-harvest quality and longevity, having different effects according to the species, cultivar, cold storage period and the solution composition. This work aimed to determine the preservative solution more effective on opening flower and longevity on flower cut stems of E. grandiflorum, submitted to two cold storage periods. The experiment was arranged in a 2x4x10 factorial, with two storage periods, five and ten days; four preservative solutions, water (100%); sodium hypochlorite (25 ml L-1) + sucrose (10%); aluminum sulfate (250 mg L-1) + sucrose (10%); and silver nitrate (50 mg L-1) + sucrose (10%); and ten evaluation dates. Cut stems from the cultivar ‘White Excalibur’ were placed taken to cold storage for 5 and 10 days at 5°C and 78% of relative humidity. After cold storage, the stems were distributed to glass pots containing different preservative solutions. Every two days, visual evaluations were performed, verifying the opening flower and longevity. An illustrative scale were used to assess the opening of flowers buds, with grades ranging from 1 to 5. For the longevity, the number of days that flowers remained viable in the preservative solutions until the disposal was considered. The cold storage periods do not affect opening flower and longevity of ‘White Excalibur’ floral stems. Silver nitrate + sucrose and aluminum sulfate + sucrose were the preservative solutions that provides better post-harvest quality and longevity, with higher opening flowers and extended viability.

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“…The entire plant of A. gymnandrum can be used medicinally, and has essential functions as an analgesic [ 1 ], anti-inflammatory, and tumor inhibition [ 2 ], for its active substance diterpenoid alkaloids (DAs). At the same time, as a common species on the alpine meadows in the eastern Qinghai Tibet Plateau, it has been widely used as a model for studying morphological changes in arid habitats [ 3 , 4 , 5 ], including their pollination, ecology, and population genetics [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. However, due to the abundant DAs in A. gymnandrum , it became a significant toxic plant in the Northwest Sichuan Plateau and severely hindered the grassland ecological balance and animal husbandry growth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Metabolomics and Transcriptomics to Unveil Atisine Biosynthesis in Aconitum gymnandrum Maxim

Chen

Tian

Jin

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Diterpene alkaloids (DAs) are characteristic compounds in Aconitum, which are classified into four skeletal types: C18, C19, C20, and bisditerpenoid alkaloids. C20-DAs are thought to be the precursor of the other types. Their biosynthetic pathway, however, is largely unclear. Herein, we combine metabolomics and transcriptomics to unveil the methyl jasmonate (MJ) inducible biosynthesis of DAs in the sterile seedling of A. gymnandrum, the only species in the Subgenus Gymnaconitum (Stapf) Rapaics. Target metabolomics based on root and aerial portions identified 51 C19-DAs and 15 C20-DAs, with 40 inducible compounds. The highest content of C20-DA atisine was selected for further network analysis. PacBio Isoform sequencing integrated with RNA sequencing not only provided the full-length transcriptome but also their response to induction, revealing 1994 genes that exhibited up-regulated expression. Further, 38 genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis were identified, including 7 diterpene synthases. In addition to the expected function of the four diterpene synthases, AgCPS5 was identified to be a new ent-8,13-CPP synthase in Aconitum and could also combine with AgKSL1 to form the C20-DAs precursor ent-atiserene. Combined with multiple network analyses, six CYP450 and seven 2-ODD genes predicted to be involved in the biosynthesis of atisine were also identified. This study not only sheds light on diterpene synthase evolution in Aconitum but also provides a rich dataset of full-length transcriptomes, systemic metabolomes, and gene expression profiles, setting the groundwork for further investigation of the C20-DAs biosynthesis pathway.

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Phenological variation of flower longevity and duration of sex phases in a protandrous alpine plant: potential causes and fitness significance

Cited by 15 publications

References 63 publications

Mechanical stimulation of the stigmas triggers switch from female to male phase in the protogynous trap flower of Aristolochia rotunda (Aristolochiaceae)

Mechanical stimulation of the stigmas triggers switch from female to male phase in the protogynous trap flower of Aristolochia rotunda (Aristolochiaceae)

Effect of preservative solutions on postharvest of Eustoma Grandiflorum floral stems during refrigerated storage

Integrating Metabolomics and Transcriptomics to Unveil Atisine Biosynthesis in Aconitum gymnandrum Maxim

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