Phenolic Resins: Chemistry, Reactions, Mechanism

Gardziella, Arno; Pilato, Louis A.; Knop, André

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-04101-7_2

Cited by 24 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Our approach starts with the preparation of hydroxymethylated lignin (HL) from previously characterized SKL via electrophilic aromatic substitution using formaldehyde as an electrophile (Figure ). Hydroxymethylation of lignin is highly affected and governed by the source of lignin (molecular weight and steric hindrance), type of catalysts, temperature, , formaldehyde concentration, and pH. , To obtain materials with different extents of reaction at the C5 position of the aromatic ring, we hydroxymethylated SKL at 60 and 85 °C keeping the concentrations of sodium hydroxide and formaldehyde constant. The recovered products of HLs (HL60 and HL85) were thereafter used for the formation of hydrocolloids and later hydrothermally cured to internally cross-link the colloidal particles (Figure ) and further evaluate their stability under challenging solvent conditions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stabilized Lignin Nanoparticles for Versatile Hybrid and Functional Nanomaterials

et al. 2022

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Spherical lignin nanoparticles are emerging biobased nanomaterials, but instability and dissolution in organic solvents and aqueous alkali restrict their applicability. Here, we report the synthesis of hydroxymethylated lignin nanoparticles and their hydrothermal curing to stabilize the particles by internal cross-linking reactions. These colloidally stable particles contain a high biobased content of 97% with a tunable particle size distribution and structural stability in aqueous media (pH 3 to 12) and organic solvents such as acetone, ethanol, dimethylformamide, and tetrahydrofuran. We demonstrate that the free phenolic hydroxyl groups that are preserved in the cured particles function as efficient reducing sites for silver ions, giving rise to hybrid lignin−silver nanoparticles that can be used for quick and facile sensing of hydrogen peroxide. The stabilized lignin particles can also be directly modified using base-catalyzed reactions such as the ring-opening of cationic epoxides that render the particles with pHdependent agglomeration and redispersion properties. Combining scalable synthesis, solvent stability, and reusability, this new class of lignin nanoparticles shows potential for its use in circular biobased nanomaterials.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stabilized Lignin Nanoparticles for Versatile Hybrid and Functional Nanomaterials

et al. 2022

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“…Resins are polymeric compounds that are found in two states: natural and synthetic. The first synthetic polymer was formaldehyde resin, produced in 1909 . This material is in the soft solid form or heavy and viscous liquids that may harden under different conditions .…”

Section: Chemical Treatment For Sand Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first synthetic polymer was formaldehyde resin, produced in 1909. 148 This material is in the soft solid form or heavy and viscous liquids that may harden under different conditions. 149 Natural resins have various applications in various industries, including the oil industry, because they are mass-produced, and their chemical compositions and final properties are different.…”

Section: Application Of Chemicals For Sand Consolidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Chemical Sand Production Control Techniques in Oil Reservoirs

et al. 2022

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This review aims to bring together the studies on petroleum reservoirs’ sand production control in a comprehensive guide for the researcher to compare various methods for the chemical consolidation of sand. Sand production can be considered one of the major challenges in the petroleum production industry, causing severe operational issues. This study introduces various methods to control and prevent sand production in petroleum wells and evaluates their advantages and performance in tabular form. The use of chemical procedures is considered to be more efficient in counteracting the production and migration of sand. Various chemicals and polymers have been proposed for this purpose. These chemicals should increase the consolidation of the formation rock while not reducing its permeability. The complexity and simplicity of the substances will be the two main factors. Novelties are generally tied with complex chemical structures. Conversely, simplicity makes them affordable, which is essential for industrialization. Success is obtained when the two are combined. This Review is expected to allow individual experts to compare various methods and be a handbook guiding them in the pursuit of finding the appropriate method of sand control for each reservoir.

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“…Typical applications for PF-resins are coatings, adhesives, and molded products. These resins are produced either in acidic or basic media (Olivares et al 1988;Gardziella et al 2000;Sen et al 2015). The synthesis of PF-resins occurs via the reaction of formaldehyde with the ortho-and para-positions of phenol.…”

Section: Phenolic Resinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A perspective of lignin processing and utilization technologies for composites and plastics with emphasis on technical and market trends

Kropat

Ming-yang

Park

et al. 2020

BioRes

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This effort is focused on work completed publicly and privately within academic research and industrial sectors on the utilization of lignin to produce thermosets, thermoplastics, foams, hydrogels, and rubbers. The size of the plastics market and the current and projected influence of lignin on it were evaluated. Further, an analysis of patent activity was employed to show the direction of and interest for lignin in these markets. The market trends documented in the literature, when coupled with detailed patent research, offer a new approach to evaluate potential markets and future directions. The analysis of the commercial market sizes of bioplastics and segmentation showed low penetration of actual lignin-based bioplastics. This exposed the contradiction between the abundance of technologies for lignin-based materials and their little practical use. In addition, this finding highlighted a severe gap between lignin research and development and the actual market.

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Phenolic Resins: Chemistry, Reactions, Mechanism

Cited by 24 publications

References 86 publications

Stabilized Lignin Nanoparticles for Versatile Hybrid and Functional Nanomaterials

Stabilized Lignin Nanoparticles for Versatile Hybrid and Functional Nanomaterials

A Review on Chemical Sand Production Control Techniques in Oil Reservoirs

A perspective of lignin processing and utilization technologies for composites and plastics with emphasis on technical and market trends

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