Phenolic foams: A review of mechanical properties, fire resistance and new trends in phenol substitution

Mougel, Christophe; Garnier, T.; Cassagnau, Philippe; Sintès‐Zydowicz, Nathalie

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2018.12.050

Cited by 94 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…For instance, in phenolic foams, it has been found that the cell size and cell distribution have significant effects on the final mechanical properties of the foam. Smaller and more uniform cell size in the final cured foam will potentially improve the mechanical properties . Similarly, in this study, the LV‐SEM micrograph and image analysis of the fracture surface of the phenolic resin cured with a fast action catalyst shows small and uniform void diameter distribution, whereas a non‐uniform void diameter distribution was observed in the case of using slow action catalyst (see section 3.1).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 60%

“…No existing approaches allow void‐free microstructures to be achieved with a short cure cycle, therefore, a novel approach to optimize the microvoids size and distribution in a fast curing process for better mechanical properties at minimum processing time is proposed as an alternative. This investigation is inspired by the observation that in phenolic foams with deliberately high void volumes, the void diameter and distribution do affect the mechanical properties in a way that is not predicted by any current models . Not only the void volume fraction but void diameter and void distribution were empirically found to be of importance in determining the final mechanical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimizing size and distribution of voids in phenolic resins through the choice of catalyst types

Hamad

Farr

Teng

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Phenolics are widely used for over a century in different industries due to their chemical resistance and thermomechanical properties. However, the presence of voids in phenolic resins has negative effects on the mechanical properties and a conventional approach is to avoid these by utilizing very long cure cycles. Our alternative approach investigates the tailoring of void size and distribution to achieve a better balance between processing time and mechanical properties. Therefore, we produced phenolic resin with a void-free microstructure by a long cure cycle as a reference. To alter the void size and distributions, we utilized different catalysts and a short cure cycle to obtain phenolic resins and test their flexural properties with respect to the reference. We investigated the fracture surfaces of all materials by SEM, FTIR and compared results to finite element modeling that confirmed the effects of different void size and distributions on the mechanical properties.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing size and distribution of voids in phenolic resins through the choice of catalyst types

Hamad

Farr

Teng

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…In 1907, the use of phenolic resins, also known as Bakelite, was developed by L. H. Baekeland, the "father of the phenolic resins". 6 Since the phenolic resin has the disadvantages of high brittleness, low peel strength, strong odor during curing, and high curing shrinkage, it is necessary to modify it to improve the comprehensive utilization performance. Modications of existing common phenolic resins include measures to improve brittleness, improve heat resistance, and reduce formaldehyde emission.…”

Section: Research Status Of Phenolic Resin Adhesivementioning

confidence: 99%

Research status, industrial application demand and prospects of phenolic resin

et al. 2019

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“…Since the advent of synthetic foams, their application has become progressively more extensive, and their variety has continued to increase. The most common traditional foams are mainly polyurethane (PUR) [3][4][5][6], polystyrene (PS) [7,8], polyvinyl chloride (PVC) [9], polyethylene (PE) [10,11], and phenolic resin-based (PF) foams [12]. In recent decades, as the research on biomass materials to replace petrochemical products has become a hot topic, the study of tannin and furfuryl alcohol as the main raw materials to prepare tannin-furan rigid foams has received much attention [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Preparation of Furanic-Glyoxal Foams

Pizzi

Lei

et al. 2020

Polymers

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Synthetic foams have become an essential industrial product for a great variety of applications. Furfuryl alcohol, as a biomass chemical, was reacted with glyoxal at room temperature to prepare furanic-glyoxal rigid foams, and p-toluenesulfonic acid was used as a catalyst to initiate the reaction. Foams with different molar ratios (furfuryl alcohol/glyoxal) were prepared in this work, and uniform cells foams have been obtained. Their compression resistance, 24-h water absorption, density, and other basic properties were tested. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the cellular morphology of the foams prepared, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) helped to understand their thermal and combustion properties, and FTIR and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Time of Flight (MALDI ToF) mass spectroscopy to explain the structure of the resulting foams to clarify the reactions occurring during foaming. The results show that the compression resistance of furanic-glyoxal foams declined as the furfuryl alcohol/glyoxal ratio decreases also. SEM observations revealed that foams with open-cell were obtained when furfuryl alcohol was added in greater amounts, and more closed cell structures were formed as the proportion of glyoxal increased. TGA results showed that the initial ignition temperature of furanic-glyoxal foams is ~200 °C higher than that of wood, and the smaller comprehensive combustion index S (about 0.15 × 10−7 (%2 K−3 min−2)) indicates that the foam burns slowly and has poor flammability, that is, it is not easy to burn.

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Phenolic foams: A review of mechanical properties, fire resistance and new trends in phenol substitution

Cited by 94 publications

References 91 publications

Optimizing size and distribution of voids in phenolic resins through the choice of catalyst types

Optimizing size and distribution of voids in phenolic resins through the choice of catalyst types

Research status, industrial application demand and prospects of phenolic resin

Characterization and Preparation of Furanic-Glyoxal Foams

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