Phenolic constituents of tomato fruit cuticles

Hunt, Grace M.; Baker, E. A.

doi:10.1016/0031-9422(80)80185-3

Cited by 125 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Several studies have shown that hydroxy cinnamic acids are covalently attached to the cutin polymer (Riley & Kolattukudy 1975;Hunt & Baker 1980;Baker. Bukovac & Hunt 1982;Holloway 1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attenuation of UV radiation by plant cuticles from woody species

Krauss

Markstädter

Riederer

1997

Plant Cell & Environment

207

108

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Transmittance spectra of isolated plant cuticles were measured in the wavelength range from 270 to 600 nm. The cuticles were enzymatieally isolated from the leaves of 27 species (26 evergreen or deciduous woody, one succulent herhaceous) and from four species of fruits. With the exception of subtropical and tropical species all plants were cultivated in the field. The cuticles of the species studied strongly attenuated ultraviolet (UV) radiation at wavelengths < 400 nm while they were practically translucent in the visible range. Relatively broad transmittance minima occurred at wavelengths from 280 to 320 nm (UV-B). Spectral transmittances at 300 nm ranged from 0-004 (Hex aquifoliuin) to 0-50 (Primus avium) for leaf cuticles and from 0-00023 (Cydoitia obtonga) to 0-005 (Matus domeslica) for fruit cuticles. The constitutive UV protection by cuticular pigments may be supplemented, to varying degrees, by pigments located in the epidermal cell wall and protoplast. Thus, it is concluded that only a small fraction of incident UV-B radiation may actually reach the sensitive tissues of the leaves of non-herbaceous species and of fruits.

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“…Several studies have shown that hydroxy cinnamic acids are covalently attached to the cutin polymer (Riley & Kolattukudy 1975;Hunt & Baker 1980;Baker. Bukovac & Hunt 1982;Holloway 1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attenuation of UV radiation by plant cuticles from woody species

Krauss

Markstädter

Riederer

1997

Plant Cell & Environment

207

108

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“…7A). The more intense red color of Chs RNAi fruits was most probably due to the reduction in the levels of the yellow-pigmented NAR-chalcone normally present at high levels in epidermal cells of the ripening fruit (Hunt and Baker, 1980). Interestingly, chalcone isomeraseoverexpressing fruits display reduced NAR-chalcone levels, a more intense red color, and a dull appearance as well (Muir et al, 2001).…”

Section: Phenotypic Characterization Of Chs Rnai Tomatoesmentioning

confidence: 98%

RNA Interference Silencing of Chalcone Synthase, the First Step in the Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway, Leads to Parthenocarpic Tomato Fruits

Schijlen

Vos²,

Martens³

et al. 2007

Plant Physiol.

263

159

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; and Keygene N.V., 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands (A.J.v.T.)Parthenocarpy, the formation of seedless fruits in the absence of functional fertilization, is a desirable trait for several important crop plants, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Seedless fruits can be of great value for consumers, the processing industry, and breeding companies. In this article, we propose a novel strategy to obtain parthenocarpic tomatoes by downregulation of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway using RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated suppression of chalcone synthase (CHS), the first gene in the flavonoid pathway. In CHS RNAi plants, total flavonoid levels, transcript levels of both Chs1 and Chs2, as well as CHS enzyme activity were reduced by up to a few percent of the corresponding wild-type values. Surprisingly, all strong Chs-silenced tomato lines developed parthenocarpic fruits. Although a relation between flavonoids and parthenocarpic fruit development has never been described, it is well known that flavonoids are essential for pollen development and pollen tube growth and, hence, play an essential role in plant reproduction. The observed parthenocarpic fruit development appeared to be pollination dependent, and Chs RNAi fruits displayed impaired pollen tube growth. Our results lead to novel insight in the mechanisms underlying parthenocarpic fruit development. The potential of this technology for applications in plant breeding and biotechnology will be discussed.

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“…One of the most abundant flavonoids in tomato fruit peel is the yellow-colored naringenin chalcone. It accumulates in the cuticle upon ripening and is responsible for the yellow color that develops in the peel at breaker stage, preceding the production of lycopene (Hunt and Baker, 1980). In addition, the flavonols quercetin-3-rutinoside (rutin) and kaempferol-3-rutinoside also accumulate in the peel of ripening tomato fruit.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of Pink Tomatoes: Deregulated Expression of the Gene Encoding Transcription Factor SlMYB12 Leads to Pink Tomato Fruit Color

et al. 2009

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The color of tomato fruit is mainly determined by carotenoids and flavonoids. Phenotypic analysis of an introgression line (IL) population derived from a cross between Solanum lycopersicum 'Moneyberg' and the wild species Solanum chmielewskii revealed three ILs with a pink fruit color. These lines had a homozygous S. chmielewskii introgression on the short arm of chromosome 1, consistent with the position of the y (yellow) mutation known to result in colorless epidermis, and hence pink-colored fruit, when combined with a red flesh. Metabolic analysis showed that pink fruit lack the ripening-dependent accumulation of the yellow-colored flavonoid naringenin chalcone in the fruit peel, while carotenoid levels are not affected. The expression of all genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes involved in the production of the flavonol rutin from naringenin chalcone was downregulated in pink fruit, suggesting that the candidate gene underlying the pink phenotype encodes a regulatory protein such as a transcription factor rather than a biosynthetic enzyme. Of 26 MYB and basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors putatively involved in regulating transcription of genes in the phenylpropanoid and/or flavonoid pathway, only the expression level of the MYB12 gene correlated well with the decrease in the expression of structural flavonoid genes in peel samples of pink-and red-fruited genotypes during ripening. Genetic mapping and segregation analysis showed that MYB12 is located on chromosome 1 and segregates perfectly with the characteristic pink fruit color. Virus-induced gene silencing of SlMYB12 resulted in a decrease in the accumulation of naringenin chalcone, a phenotype consistent with the pink-colored tomato fruit of IL1b. In conclusion, biochemical and molecular data, gene mapping, segregation analysis, and virus-induced gene silencing experiments demonstrate that the MYB12 transcription factor plays an important role in regulating the flavonoid pathway in tomato fruit and suggest strongly that SlMYB12 is a likely candidate for the y mutation.Plants produce pigments to provide color to their flowers and fruit for attracting pollinators and seed dispersers. In crop plants, color is regarded as one of the most important consumer traits in fruit such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), pepper (Capsicum annuum), apple (Malus domestica), and strawberry (Fragaria spp.). In flowers and fruit, these colors are due mainly to carotenoid and flavonoid pigments.Carotenoids are lipid-soluble 40-carbon isoprenoids, and more than 700 naturally occurring carotenoids have been identified (Britton et al., 2004). Carotenoids are essential for plant life, since they provide important photoprotective functions during photosynthesis in chloroplasts and serve as precursors for the phytohormone abscisic acid (Grotewold, 2006). Beyond their essential biological activities, carotenoids also accumulate in chromoplasts of flowers and fruit, where they function as yellowto red-colored pigments (Young and Frank, 1996;Tanaka et al., 2008). Carotenoids ...

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Phenolic constituents of tomato fruit cuticles

Cited by 125 publications

References 16 publications

Attenuation of UV radiation by plant cuticles from woody species

Attenuation of UV radiation by plant cuticles from woody species

RNA Interference Silencing of Chalcone Synthase, the First Step in the Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway, Leads to Parthenocarpic Tomato Fruits

Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of Pink Tomatoes: Deregulated Expression of the Gene Encoding Transcription Factor SlMYB12 Leads to Pink Tomato Fruit Color

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