Phenolic Composition Analysis and Gene Expression in Developing Seeds of Yellow‐ and Black‐seeded Brassica napus

Abstract

Breeders have focused on yellow-seeded Brassica napus (rapeseed) for its better quality compared with the black-seeded variety. Moreover, flavonoids have been associated with this kind of rapeseed. In this study, we applied lipid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS(n)) to compare flavonoids in developing seeds of natural black-seeded B. napus and yellow-seeded introgression lines selected from progenies of B. napus-Sinapis alba somatic hybrids. Aside from the most abundant phenolic compounds (sinapine and sinapic acid) and 1, 2-disinapoylglucose, 16 different flavonoids were identified and quantified, including (-)-epicatechin, five monocharged oligomers of (-)-epicatechin ([DP 2](-), [DP 3](-), [DP 4] [DP 2](-) B2 and [DP 2](-) B5), quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin-dihexoside, kaempferol-sinapoyl-trihexoside, isorhamnetin-sinapoyl-trihexoside, isorhamnetin-hexoside-sulfate, and isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside. Most of the flavonoids accumulated with seed development, whereas some rapidly decreased during maturation. The content of these flavonoids were lower in the yellow-seeded materials than in the black seeds. In addition, variations of insoluble procyanidin oligomers and soluble phenolic acids were observed among both rapeseed varieties. Transcriptome changes of genes participating in the flavonoid pathway were discovered by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. Consistent with flavonoid changes identified by high performance liquid chromatography analysis, the expression of most genes in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway was also downregulated.

Analysis of Flavonoids and Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives in Rapeseeds (Brassica napus L. var. napus) by HPLC-PDA–ESI(−)-MSn/HRMS

“…The flavonoid and hydroxycinnamic acid derivative contents of rapeseed accumulate in the early periods of seed development and reach their peak about 5 weeks after flowering (WAF). 23 In the present study, B. napus L. var. napus (cv.…”

“…Identification of these compounds was performed in accordance with previous research. 22,23 We observed that flavanols and their oligomers are generally found in F4 fractions obtained by column chromatography and that isomers of flavanol oligomers in F4 are obviously more abundant than those in crude extracts. These results indicate the possibility of polymer degradation during the experiment and that flavanol polymers are abundant in seeds of B. napus.…”

Jatropha Curcas Linn can Reduce the Expression of Hsp70 that will Result in Reduced Errors in Protein Folding and Promotion of Normal Protein Function in Proliferation and Apoptosis

“…These extracts also showed good antioxidant activity [1]. Some research suggests occuring decline in the expression of protein (emphasis expression gene) after the provision of phenolic on various plant [31][32][33]. Yan research revealed that phenolic can reduce a gene expression of T3SS (The type III secretion system) is a major virulence factor in many gram-negative bacterial pathogens.…”

Genomic dissection of the seed

“…The yellow/green SC coloration is often associated with other desired agroeconomic traits such as thinner SCs, decreased fiber, and higher protein and oil contents (Simbaya et al, 1995; Lipsa et al, 2011; Jiang et al, 2013b). Proanthocyanidin deficient mutants do not appear to have any major physiological disturbances other than SC color; however, some evidence suggests the mutants may have diminished responses to abiotic/biotic stress (Pourcel et al, 2013), longevity, and germination (Dean et al, 2011; Jiang et al, 2013a). …”