Phenolic and antioxidant composition of by-products from the cider industry: Apple pomace

Water at room temperature as a solvent for the extraction of apple pomace phenolic compounds

“…Phenolic acids and flavonoids were the two main families of phenolic compounds identified in the AP extracts, as previously reported (Cam & Aaby, 2010;Cao, Wang, Pei, & Sun, 2009;Cetkovic et al, 2008;Diñeiro García et al, 2009;Sanchez-Rabaneda et al, 2004;Schieber et al, 2003;Suárez et al, 2010). Accurate mass measurements and tandem mass spectrometry were applied to identify each of the phenolic compounds (Table 3).…”

“…A predicted model has also been developed to predict antioxidant activity as a function of the phenolic profile. The antioxidant activity measured by DPPH and FRAP assays could be predicted by the contents of phloridzin, procyanidin B2, rutin, isoquercetrin, protocatechuic acid and hyperin (Diñeiro García et al, 2009). It has been shown that epicatechin, polymers of procyanidin, quercetin glycosides, chlorogenic acid, phloridzin and 3-hydroxyphloridzin showed DPPH radical scavenging activities 2-3 times and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities 10-30 times higher than those of vitamins C and E (Lu & Foo, 2000).…”

“…To date, the major class of compounds identified in AP are flavonoids, where flavonols are the largest sub-class followed by flavanols, flavanones, flavones, dihydrochalcones and anthocyanins. The phenolic acids identified are primarily hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and lesser of hydroxybenzoic acids (Cam & Aaby, 2010;Cetkovic et al, 2008;Diñeiro García, Valles, & Picinelli Lobo, 2009;Foo & Lu, 1999;Lu & Foo, 1997, 2000Sanchez-Rabaneda et al, 2004;Schieber et al, 2003;Suárez et al, 2010).…”

“…Typical extraction procedures of phenolic compounds from AP are mostly carried out using organic solvents, such as 70% acetone or 80-100% methanol (Cetkovic et al, 2008;Diñeiro García et al, 2009;Foo & Lu, 1999;Lu & Foo, 1997, 2000Schieber et al, 2003;Suárez et al, 2010). Sanchez-Rabaneda et al (2004) have used fractionation extraction with ethyl acetate and dichloromethane.…”

“…The liquid chromatography-diode array detector (LC-DAD) is the most common method, but it has the drawback of requiring known standards (not available for all phenolics) to validate identification (Cetkovic et al, 2008;Diñeiro García et al, 2009;Schieber et al, 2003;Suárez et al, 2010). Use of a mass spectrometer, which is a universal detector, coupled to the LC-DAD can bypass the need for standards, especially for simple phenolic compounds (Cam & Aaby, 2010).…”