Phenol-rich alternatives for Rosa x damascena Mill. Efficient phytochemical profiling using different extraction methods and colorimetric assays

Abstract

Damask rose is a well-established, abundant source of phytochemicals, as well as economically important essential oil—however, its cultivation is demanding and costly. In this paper, extracts from four raw plant materials—Salvia officinalis, Sambucus nigra, Matricaria chamomilla, Calendula officinalis, known to be rich in phenolic compounds, but also far easier to cultivate—were directly compared to those obtained from Rosa × damascena Mill. By combining diverse extraction methodologies (in a Soxhlet apparatus, ultrawave-assisted and microwave-assisted, using supercritical CO2) and complementary in vitro assays (radical scavenging, iron reducing, Folin–Ciocalteau and Al3+ complexation), it was possible to conveniently approximate and compare the phytochemical portfolios of those diverse plants. By factoring in the crop yields of different species, economically important conclusions can be reached—with pot marigold (C. officinalis) seemingly the most viable substitute for damask rose as a source of phenolics. Fatty acid and microelement analyses were also performed, to further enrich the chemical profiles of plant extracts. The paper also aims to collate and redesign multiple colorimetric assays frequently used while studying plant extracts in vitro, but criticized for their lack of correlation to in vivo activity. We show that they remain a viable tool for direct comparison of extraction methodologies, while highlighting their shortcomings.

Ethanol Extract of Rosa rugosa Ameliorates Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury via Upregulating Sirt1 and Subsequent Potentiation of LKB1/AMPK/Nrf2 Cascade in Hepatocytes

“…Consistent with our find-ings, silymarin, an approved hepatoprotective drug, ameliorates APAP-provoked hepatic inflammation and subsequent liver injury [48]. The yield of ERS from dried rose buds and the contents of five representative compounds in ERS were similar to data published previously, suggesting the process of ERS preparation is reliable and stable [49,50]. Our results collectively suggested that ERS has the potential to alleviate APAP liver injury and support the application of ERS as a promising hepatoprotective reagent.…”

The In Vitro Assessment of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Efficacy in Rosa damascena and Hypericum perforatum Extracts against Pathogenic Strains in the Interplay of Dental Caries, Oral Health, and Food Microbiota

“…Recent research indicates that the phenolic compound composition in R. damascene extracts varies with the sample’s origin, showing an increasing trend from aqueous to hydro-methanolic extracts. These findings underscore the wide variability in polyphenols based on factors such as plant species, plant part, environmental conditions, and extraction methods [ 82 , 84 ].…”

“…This result pinpoints the fact that R. damascena, with its diverse bioactive compounds like neral, geranial, phenyl ethyl, and phenolic compounds, exhibits inhibitory effects on microbial growth, targeting bacterial DNA gyrase and co-enzymes crucial for bacterial survival. Notably, phenolic compounds, including kaempferol and quercetin, showcase potential antimicrobial properties, making R. damascena a subject of interest for natural antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents [82,84,116]. Decoctions, essential oil, and absolute, methanol, and ethanol extracts of rose petals have exhibited antioxidant activity in different systems [117,118], as well as antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, S. typhimurium, B. cereus, C. albicans, P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, etc.…”

Beneficial medicinal effects and material applications of rose

“…Four methods including ultrasound-assisted extraction, reflux extraction, Soxhlet extraction, and marinated extraction for the extraction of anthocyanins from red rose petals were investigated and compared [ 135 ]. Another study also compared four extraction methods including Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction, as well as supercritical CO2 extraction [ 136 ]. Although there are other extraction methods, steam distillation has been commonly used for essential oil extraction.…”