Phenol–formaldehyde impregnation of densified wood for improved dimensional stability

Gabrielli, C.; Kamke, Frederick A.

doi:10.1007/s00226-009-0253-6

Cited by 117 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…However, the density of the wood material is dependent on the cell wall thickness and size of lumen, and the density is generally increased by reducing the void space through various densification processes, which will also help to improve the mechanical properties. There are several densification methods that are used to improve various physical and mechanical properties of wood (Kamke and Sizemore 2008;Rautkari et al 2008Rautkari et al , 2009Rautkari and Hughes 2009;Gabrielli and Kamke 2010). These methods are generally composed of the same steps: compressing the wood between heated metal plates to a desired thickness and fixing the deformation in the compressed state under suitable moisture and temperature conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using this developed method, the MOE and MOR values of compressed poplar wood could be increased by 73.2% and 88.9% at the compression ratio of 47%. In addition, two typical after-treatments to fix the compressed state -thermal modification (Hill 2006;Raukari et al 2011;Laine et al 2016) and impregnation with low molecular weight plasticizers (Deka and Saikia 2000;Gabrielli 2010;Hosseinpourpia et al 2016), introduced in subsequent research -can reduce set-recovery. However, the resins used for this purpose can affect both the environment and human health, and thermal modification requires a lot of energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-Pressure Treatment of Chinese Fir Wood: Effect on Density, Mechanical Properties, Humidity-Related Moisture Migration, and Dimensional Stability

Li¹,

Zhang²,

Ramaswamy³

et al. 2016

BioResources

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A new densification technique for industrial uses of plantation wood was studied. Chinese fir wood was treated by high pressure (HP) at 50 to 200 MPa for 5 min. The density and mechanical properties, moisture sorption isotherm (MSI), and dimensional changes of the pressure-treated wood under various relative humidity (RH) storage conditions were evaluated. The densities of HP-treated wood ranged from 0.79 ± 0.01 g/cm 3 after treatment at 50 MPa to 0.92 ± 0.02 g/cm 3 at 200 MPa, which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of the control (0.35 ± 0.01 g/cm 3 ). Hardness values in radial and tangential fiber alignment faces also significantly increased by 370% to 470% and 350% to 460%, respectively, as compared with the control. The modulus of elasticity and the modulus of rupture of pressure-treated wood increased by 48% to 88% and 89% to 170%, respectively. The equilibrium moisture content varied with RH, decreasing slightly at 33% and 52% while significantly increasing (p < 0.001) at 86% and 93% RH. Radial, tangential, and volumetric dimensions of densified wood were relatively stable at 33%, 52%, and 67% RH, while remarkable swelling occurred at 86% and 93% RH.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Pressure Treatment of Chinese Fir Wood: Effect on Density, Mechanical Properties, Humidity-Related Moisture Migration, and Dimensional Stability

Li¹,

Zhang²,

Ramaswamy³

et al. 2016

BioResources

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show abstract

“…The modification of wood is not a new idea, since alternations in wood properties provide many advantages of the resultant product over the unmodified materials: improved photostability (Chang and Chang 2001), reduced water sorption, dimensional stability, susceptibility to bioattack (Hill et al 2005;Gabrielli and Kamke 2010) and-last but not least-higher resistance to the weather (Evans et al 2002). The chemical and impregnation modifications of wood were already reported in the 1940s (Stamm and Seborg 1936;Stamm and Trakow 1947).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermally initiated solvent-free radical modification of beech (Fagus sylvatica) wood

et al. 2013

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A procedure for rapidly modifying beech wood using a thermally initiated solvent-free grafting system was examined. In the modification, butyl acrylate and butyl methacrylate were used as vinyl monomers. Free radicals were generated from 2,2 0 -azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) or benzoyl peroxide at 103 and 180°C by contact heating of the modified material. Chemical changes in the material were investigated by FTIR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. The modification resulted in decreased surface wetting of the material manifested by increased water contact angles. The hardness of the resultant material decreased, while its color changed by the effect of temperature. It was shown that the approach allowed for efficient thermal-initiated modification of wood with rapid contact heating.

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“…However, the obtained WPG values remain comparable to those found for other types of modification-ca. 20 % (Gabrielli and Kamke 2010;Papadopoulos 2005).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of technical value of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) waste trunk through modification with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU)

et al. 2016

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Malaysia is the biggest producer of palm oil in the world. The production generates over 70 metric tons of waste trunks per hectare during replantation. Such an abundant feedstock should be considered a valuable raw material rather than an agro-waste. An approach for enhancement of low density trunks through the treatment with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) was investigated. The treatment resulted in a great improvement in the properties of the material: 45 % density gain, water absorption and thickness swelling reduced by 48 and 43 %, respectively, 2.3-fold increase in hardness as well as 3.8-fold and 3.6-fold increase in bending strength and modulus of elasticity, respectively, were observed. Thus, enhancement in the physical and mechanical performance of the material as well as the increased aesthetic value due to the color changes proved the approach to be effective for the conversion of waste biomass to new products.

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Phenol–formaldehyde impregnation of densified wood for improved dimensional stability

Cited by 117 publications

References 10 publications

High-Pressure Treatment of Chinese Fir Wood: Effect on Density, Mechanical Properties, Humidity-Related Moisture Migration, and Dimensional Stability

High-Pressure Treatment of Chinese Fir Wood: Effect on Density, Mechanical Properties, Humidity-Related Moisture Migration, and Dimensional Stability

Thermally initiated solvent-free radical modification of beech (Fagus sylvatica) wood

Enhancement of technical value of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) waste trunk through modification with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU)

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