Phenol‐formaldehyde impregnant characterization by infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry

Erä, Väinö A.; Lindberg, J. Johan; Mattila, Antti; Vauhkonen, Leo; Linnahalme, Turo

doi:10.1002/apmc.1976.050500105

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The IR signals could be assigned with the previous results8 and literature 11–14. To obtain the most suitable spectral area, we tested models 3–25 (Table III).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The IR signals could be assigned with the previous results 8 and literature. [11][12][13][14] To obtain the most suitable spectral area, we tested models 3-25 (Table III). The favorable effect of the omitted OH IR area of 4000 -2900 cm Ϫ1 was found at lower SEE and SEP values and at higher F and variance values.…”

Section: Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We used the best models to study their ability to predict first the F/P molar ratio of resin 8, which was similar to calibration resin 2 and second the F/P values of resins 9-13 with at least one special characteristic. The F/P molar ratios of these six phenol-formaldehyde resol resins (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13) were predicted by optimized models 15Ј, 20Ј, 23Ј, and 28Ј (Table VI).…”

Section: Prediction Of the F/p Molar Ratios Of The Resinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of the formaldehyde‐to‐phenol molar ratios of resol resins by infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis

Holopainen

Alvila

Pakkanen

et al. 2003

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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ABSTRACT:The formaldehyde/phenol (F/P) ratios of resol resins were successfully predicted by the recording of infrared (IR) spectra of both calibration and analyzed resins and by a multivariate analysis technique. In the creation of applicable models, the best correlating IR spectral areas were found between 1800 and 700 cm Ϫ1 . The positive effects of the increasing replicates and the omission of first-derivative preprocessing on model quality were proven by systematic testing. The characteristic statistical parameters were acceptable when the resin was similar to the calibration resins. Although the calibration samples had narrow F/P molar ratios (2.00 -2.40), or a particular urea content or alkalinity, the best calibration model could also successfully predict the F/P molar ratios of resins with greater F/P ratios, higher urea contents, and lower alkalinity.

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“…The IR signals could be assigned with the previous results8 and literature 11–14. To obtain the most suitable spectral area, we tested models 3–25 (Table III).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prediction Of the F/p Molar Ratios Of The Resinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of the formaldehyde‐to‐phenol molar ratios of resol resins by infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis

Holopainen

Alvila

Pakkanen

et al. 2003

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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show abstract

“…At the end of the synthesis the traditional titration method for determining free formaldehyde was carried out as well as gas chromatography to determine the residual phenol content. 27 …”

Section: A Reactirmentioning

confidence: 97%

Kinetics of hydroxymethyl phenols formation by in‐line FTIR spectroscopy

Poljanšek

Likozar

Krajnc

2007

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The kinetics of phenol-formaldehyde prepolymers catalyzed by sodium hydroxide at various temperatures was studied. Several reactions were conducted with different phenol to formaldehyde as well as phenol to sodium hydroxide molar ratios. The React-IR system was used to monitor the reaction as well as to determine residual free phenol and formaldehyde.The changes in the concentrations of phenol and formaldehyde with the reaction time were determined. The value of the concentration of the hydroxide ion, [OH 2 ], was obtained by measuring the pH value of reaction mixture. The concentration of the hydroxide ion, [OH 2 ], expressed as a function of reaction time, was fitted by the six-order polynomial to the experimental data. On the basis of the proposed reaction scheme the kinetic model was developed.The kinetic parameters were obtained by adjusting the experimental evolution of phenol and formaldehyde during the synthesis. Using this method the changes in the concentrations of five species of hydroxymethyl phenols with the reaction time was also been calculated. The activation energy and preexponential factor have been calculated for individual reactions. The accuracy of the kinetic model was confirmed by comparing experimental concentration profiles of formaldehyde and phenol with the calculated ones for different molar ratios. The experimental tendencies are in agreement with the results of the model.

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Determination of specific heat of phenol formaldehyde resol resins by differential scanning calorimetry

Erä

Mattila

Lindberg

1977

Angew. Makromol. Chem.

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Phenol‐formaldehyde impregnant characterization by infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry

Cited by 10 publications

References 7 publications

Determination of the formaldehyde‐to‐phenol molar ratios of resol resins by infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis

Determination of the formaldehyde‐to‐phenol molar ratios of resol resins by infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis

Kinetics of hydroxymethyl phenols formation by in‐line FTIR spectroscopy

Determination of specific heat of phenol formaldehyde resol resins by differential scanning calorimetry

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