Phenol BY.SULFONATION

Kenyon, Richard L.; Boehmer, N.

doi:10.1021/ie50488a004

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…During the Boer War, England placed an embargo on phenol causing phenol shortage on the continent. This led F. Raschig works at Ludwigshafen, Germany, to produce synthetic phenol on a large scale and in 1940, Hooker Chemical Corporation built a plant based on the so called the Raschig-Hooker process for the commercial production of phenol [12,13].…”

Section: History Of Phenol and Chlorophenolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiochemical Properties and Removal Methods of Phenolic Compounds from Waste Waters

Güçbilmez¹

2022

Environmental Sciences

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In this chapter, phenol and chlorophenols are investigated in terms of their production histories, physiochemical properties, pollution resources, and removal methods. It is seen that both phenol and chlorophenols are highly toxic compounds, produced from natural and anthropogenic sources, which are hazardous to both humans and the environment even at very low concentrations. The typical industries which produce phenol and chlorophenol pollution are petrochemical, textile, plastics, resin, dye, pharmaceutical, iron and steel, pulp and paper industries as well as the petroleum refineries, and coal gasification operations. Phenol is a highly corrosive and nerve poisoning agent. It causes harmful health effects, such as sour mouth, diarrhea, and impaired vision. It is also toxic for the ecosystem with toxicity levels ranging between 10-24 mg/L for humans, 9-25 mg/l for fish, and lethal blood concentration around 150-mg/100 ml. Chlorophenols found in natural waters or drinking water also cause serious health problems such as histopathological alterations, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity among others. Due to the aforementioned reasons, the phenolic compounds in wastewaters or drinking water must be removed using a suitable wastewater treatment method such as adsorption, extraction, electrochemical oxidation, biodegradation, catalytic wet air oxidation, or enzyme treatment among others.

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Section: History Of Phenol and Chlorophenolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiochemical Properties and Removal Methods of Phenolic Compounds from Waste Waters

Güçbilmez¹

2022

Environmental Sciences

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“…To confirm the proper concentration of aqueous NaOH solution, the solubility of NaPTS in aqueous NaOH solutions is needed. Afterward, the solution is evaporated and filtrated to get the solid NaPTS . The solid NaPTS reacts with excess NaOH (molar ratio, NaPTS:NaOH = 1:2.4); , then, sodium p -methylphenoxide (C 7 H 7 ONa, NaCRS, CAS No.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, because of the low reaction yield (70%), there is a lot of NaOH (about 0.125 mass fraction) in the reaction residue . Water is added to dissolve the NaCRS, and then the insoluble Na 2 SO 3 is filtrated and reused in the neutralization 1 step, whereas the filtrate, the NaCRS solution with a large amount of unreacted NaOH, is acidified by the sulfur dioxide, leading to the waste of NaOH and sulfur dioxide . Considering the shortcomings above, if we can separate NaCRS out of the aqueous NaOH solution and recycle the unreacted NaOH, which can be used in neutralization 2 step, then the consumption of sulfur dioxide and NaOH can be reduced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Afterward, the solution is evaporated and filtrated to get the solid NaPTS. 4 The solid NaPTS reacts with excess NaOH (molar ratio, NaPTS:NaOH = 1:2.4); 5,6 then, sodium p-methylphenoxide (C 7 H 7 ONa, NaCRS, CAS No. 1121-70-6) and Na 2 SO 3 are produced in the alkali fusion step.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 Water is added to dissolve the NaCRS, and then the insoluble Na 2 SO 3 is filtrated and reused in the neutralization 1 step, whereas the filtrate, the NaCRS solution with a large amount of unreacted NaOH, is acidified by the sulfur dioxide, leading to the waste of NaOH and sulfur dioxide. 4 Considering the shortcomings above, if we can separate NaCRS out of the aqueous NaOH solution and recycle the unreacted NaOH, which can be used in neutralization 2 step, then the consumption of sulfur dioxide and NaOH can be reduced. After the acidification, the obtained p-cresol and Na 2 SO 3 are separated to gain both main product p-cresol and byproduct Na 2 SO 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement and Correlation for the Solubility of Sodium p-Toluenesulfonate, Sodium Sulfite, and Sodium p-Methylphenoxide in Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide Solutions and Sodium Sulfite in Aqueous Ethanol Solutions

et al. 2018

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The solubilities of sodium p-toluenesulfonate (NaPTS), sodium sulfite (Na 2 SO 3 ), and sodium p-methylphenoxide (NaCRS) in aqueous NaOH solutions and Na 2 SO 3 in aqueous ethanol solutions were investigated using a dynamic method over the temperature range from 277 to 341 K at atmospheric pressure. The experimental results showed that the solubilities of NaPTS, Na 2 SO 3 , and NaCRS in aqueous NaOH solutions and Na 2 SO 3 in aqueous ethanol solutions decreased distinctly with the solutefree mass fraction of NaOH (w 4 0 ) and ethanol (w 5 0 ). Further, there were obvious transition points in the solubility−temperature curves of NaPTS and Na 2 SO 3 in aqueous NaOH solutions, and the transition points shifted to lower temperature as w 4 0 rose. The forming of transition point was due to the different equilibrium solid phase, which was revealed by characterization of the equilibrium solid phase. But the transition points in the solubility−temperature curves of Na 2 SO 3 in aqueous ethanol solutions remained constant at different w 5 0 values. As the temperature rose, the solubilities of NaPTS and NaCRS in aqueous NaOH solutions increased, while the solubilities of Na 2 SO 3 increased at first and then decreased after the transition points in both aqueous NaOH and ethanol solutions. The experimental data were correlated with the electrolyte nonrandom two-liquid (E-NRTL) model, and model parameters were determined simultaneously. On the basis of the solubility difference between Na 2 SO 3 and NaCRS, a new process for reusing the NaOH in the alkali fusion reaction residue was proposed theoretically.

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Benzenesulfonic Acids and Their Derivatives

Lindner

Rodefeld

2000

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

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Phenol BY.SULFONATION

Cited by 14 publications

References 4 publications

Physiochemical Properties and Removal Methods of Phenolic Compounds from Waste Waters

Physiochemical Properties and Removal Methods of Phenolic Compounds from Waste Waters

Measurement and Correlation for the Solubility of Sodium p-Toluenesulfonate, Sodium Sulfite, and Sodium p-Methylphenoxide in Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide Solutions and Sodium Sulfite in Aqueous Ethanol Solutions

Benzenesulfonic Acids and Their Derivatives

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