Phenazepam abuse in Finland: Findings from apprehended drivers, post-mortem cases and police confiscations

Kriikku, Pirkko; Wilhelm, L.; Rintatalo, Janne; Hurme, Jukka; Kramer, Jan; Ojanperä, Ilkka

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.02.006

Cited by 42 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…37 Assuming this pattern of use applies to other designer BZs, these compounds are usually identified in the context of polysubstance use. Records of police confiscations and toxicology testing of apprehended drivers exist, mostly from Western Europe.…”

Section: Designer Benzodiazepines: a Review Of Published Data And Pubmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designer Benzodiazepines: A Review of Published Data and Public Health Significance

Greenblatt

2019

Clinical Pharm in Drug Dev

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Section: Designer Benzodiazepines: a Review Of Published Data And Pubmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designer Benzodiazepines: A Review of Published Data and Public Health Significance

Greenblatt

2019

Clinical Pharm in Drug Dev

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“…These new benzodiazepines include phenazepam [1,2] ; etizolam and pyrazolam [3] ; flubromazolam [4] ; and clonazolam, meclonazepam, and nifoxipam. They are considered safer alternatives to barbiturates because they have fewer side effects and have a reduced risk of causing an overdose.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, benzodiazepine abuse is often associated with people taking benzodiazepines in combination with other controlled substances such as opiates, methadone, and cocaine. Some authors have developed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods, mostly to study the metabolism of specific drugs, including phenazepam [1,2] ; clonazolam, meclonazepam, and nifoxipam [5] ; pyrazolam [7] ; flubromazepam [8] ; diclazepam [9] ; and clonazolam, deschloroetizolam, flubromazolam, and meclonazepam. Moreover, benzodiazepines may temper the negative side effects (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of the designer benzodiazepine metizolam in urine and preliminary data on its metabolism

Kintz¹,

Richeval

Jamey³

et al. 2016

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Designer benzodiazepines provide an attractive alternative to prescribed benzodiazepines for abuse purposes as they are readily available via the Internet without control. Metizolam was ordered via the Internet and a 2 mg blue tablet was orally administered to a 54-year-old man. Urine samples were collected over 6 days in polypropylene tubes. After liquid/liquid extraction at pH 9.5, metizolam was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) using a standard method devoted to benzodiazepines, and ions transitions, at m/z 328.9 > 275.0 and 328.9 > 300.0. Metizolam was detectable in hydrolyzed urine during the 46-h period, with concentrations always lower than 11 ng/mL. About 0.3% of the initial dose was excreted in urines as total unchanged metizolam during the first 24 h. The most relevant potential CYP- and UGT-dependent metabolites of metizolam were investigated in vitro using human liver microsome incubation and, subsequently, liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) analysis. Three mono-hydroxylated metabolites were produced including a hydroxylation compound at the 2-ethyl moiety of metizolam (M1) as quantitatively main metabolite, and a N-hydroxymetiazolam (M2). The structure of the third metabolite (M3) could not be elucidated because of a too low experimental production rate. Two authentic urine samples were analyzed using the same analytical method to search for metabolites of metizolam. M1, together with its glucuronide (M1-Glu), and M2 were observed in urine at the 8 h mark, whereas only M1 and M1-Glu were still detected in urine at 30 h post administration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…It has not been licensed elsewhere in the world. [14][15][16] Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has also been applied to the analysis of human blood, [16][17][18] post-mortem fluids and tissues, [19] and human hair samples. [9][10][11] Phenazepam intended for oral administration is supplied in 0.5-2 mg tablet form, with normal adult dose being 0.5 mg 2-3 times daily for treatment of anxiety.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of phenazepam in illicitly manufactured Erimin 5 tablets

Lim

Yap

Mangudi

et al. 2016

Drug Testing and Analysis

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A validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) method was used to determine the phenazepam dosage in clandestinely produced Erimin 5 tablets. Tablets from five different seizures submitted to the laboratory in 2013 were found to have a dosage of about 2.4 milligrams. The measurement uncertainty of the assay was estimated to be 3.2 % (relative) at a coverage factor of k=2. As an adjunct study the dyes in the tablets from several seizures were determined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) for future comparative studies.

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Phenazepam abuse in Finland: Findings from apprehended drivers, post-mortem cases and police confiscations

Cited by 42 publications

References 27 publications

Designer Benzodiazepines: A Review of Published Data and Public Health Significance

Designer Benzodiazepines: A Review of Published Data and Public Health Significance

Detection of the designer benzodiazepine metizolam in urine and preliminary data on its metabolism

Detection of phenazepam in illicitly manufactured Erimin 5 tablets

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