Pheasant virus: new class of ribodeoxyvirus.

Hanafusa, Terukiyo; Hanafusa, Hidesaburô; Metroka, Craig E.; Hayward, William S.; Rettenmier, Carl W.; Sawyer, Robert C.; Dougherty, Robert M.; DiStefano, H. S.

doi:10.1073/pnas.73.4.1333

Cited by 30 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…Thus, exogenous counterparts to these sequences may currently be circulating in avian populations, and we think it likely that exogenous viruses belonging to many of the avian subgroups present within the phylogeny will eventually be isolated. It is possible that retroviruses described previously, but for which pol sequence data are currently unavailable, are in fact members of these groups (9,10,13,14).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution and Distribution of Class II-Related Endogenous Retroviruses

Gifford

Kabát

Martin

et al. 2005

J Virol

112

146

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Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are widespread in vertebrate genomes and have been loosely grouped into "classes" on the basis of their phylogenetic relatedness to the established genera of exogenous retroviruses. Four of these genera-the lentiviruses, alpharetroviruses, betaretroviruses, and deltaretroviruses-form a well-supported clade in retroviral phylogenies, and ERVs that group with these genera have been termed class II ERVs. We used PCR amplification and sequencing of retroviral fragments from more than 130 vertebrate taxa to investigate the evolution of the class II retroviruses in detail. We confirm that class II retroviruses are largely confined to mammalian and avian hosts and provide evidence for a major novel group of avian retroviruses, and we identify additional members of both the alpha-and the betaretrovirus genera. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the avian and mammalian viruses form distinct monophyletic groups, implying that interclass transmission has occurred only rarely during the evolution of the class II retroviruses. In contrast to previous reports, the lentiviruses clustered as sister taxa to several endogenous retroviruses derived from rodents and insectivores. This topology was further supported by the shared loss of both the class II PR-Pol frameshift site and the class II retrovirus G-patch domain.Retroviruses (family Retroviridae) are characterized by a unique replication strategy. The RNA genome of an extracellular retrovirus is first copied into DNA by virus-encoded reverse transcriptase (RT) and is then integrated into the nuclear DNA of the host cell (35). Integration is highly stable and, consequently, infection of germ line cells can lead to vertical transmission of retroviruses from parent to offspring as Mendelian alleles (8). These retroviruses are termed endogenous (to distinguish them from their horizontally transmitted, exogenous counterparts), and they have been identified in almost all vertebrate orders examined (8, 16). Some endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) represent endogenized copies of extant exogenous retroviruses, but the majority are very old and appear to lack closely related exogenous counterparts (8,16). Analysis of these ERVs in the genomes of humans, mice, and other species indicates a longstanding association between retroviruses and vertebrates, probably dating back several hundred million years, during which retroviruses have repeatedly colonized host genomes (12,19,20,23).Most ERVs show clear homology to one another and to modern exogenous retroviruses, especially across the RT gene, which is relatively refractory to nonsynonymous substitution. Diverse retrovirus sequences can therefore be aligned in order to investigate phylogenetic relationships, and this has been instrumental in the classification of exogenous retroviruses into seven genera (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-, and epsilonretroviruses; lentivirus; and spumavirus) (12,26,34,37). Although many ERVs have not been assigned to particular genera, there is a growing tendency to group them ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution and Distribution of Class II-Related Endogenous Retroviruses

Gifford

Kabát

Martin

et al. 2005

J Virol

112

146

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“…However, subgroup G viruses apparently belong to a virus group that differs from the viruses which infect chickens (Hanafusa et al, 1976). Endogenous virus of subgroup H has been isolated from Hungarian partridge (Hanafusa et al, 1976) and that of subgroup I from Gambel's quail (Troesch & Vogt, 1985). Other unclassified endogenous pheasant viruses have been isolated also (Chen& Vogt, 1977).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Viruses of the F subgroup have been isolated from ring-necked pheasant and those of the G subgroup from golden pheasant and Lady Amherst pheasant (Hanafusa & Hanafusa, 1973;Fujita et al, 1974;Hanafusa et al, 1976). However, subgroup G viruses apparently belong to a virus group that differs from the viruses which infect chickens (Hanafusa et al, 1976).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel subgroup of exogenous avian leukosis virus in chickens

Payne¹,

Brown²,

Bumstead³

et al. 1991

Journal of General Virology

333

199

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An avian leukosis virus with a wide host range belonging to a new subgroup for chickens was isolated from meat-type chicken lines. The virus, of which HPRS-103 strain is the prototype, was of low oncogenicity in chickens but appeared to behave like an exogenous leukosis virus. Neutralizing antibodies to the virus were found in three of five meat-type chicken lines, but not in seven layer lines. The virus and its Rous sarcoma virus pseudotype did not replicate in, or transform, mammalian cells.

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“…Alternatively, other helper activity was also present in the tumour materials. This is not surprising, because pheasants, like domestic fowl, possess endogenous viral gene sequences (for review, see Hanafusa et aL, 1976) which can be activated by chemical carcinogens (Tereba, 1979) or by co-cultivation of pheasant fibroblast cells with appropriate indicator cells (Chen and Vogt, 1977) hi 20 of 22 attempted isolations a typical C-type virus was isolated in tissue culture. Almost all isolates caused a similar distinct early CPE in both CEF and DEF, which disappeared completely during further incubation.…”

Section: Experimental Transmissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1973) raised the possibility that a Borneo fire-backed pheasant was infected with the common ancestor of spleen necrosis virus and duck infectious anaemia virus, two representatives of the REV group, but their hypothesis has not yet been proved. Whether ALSVs are so widespread in pheasants as in other wild fowls in some part of the world (Weiss and Biggs, 1972;Morgan, 1973) is not known, but it is well documented that endogenous viral gene sequences are common in some pheasant species (for review, see Hanafusa et al, 1976;Chen and Vogt, 1977). The pathogenic potential of these latter viruses in their native host is, however, questionable (Purchase etal, 1977;Weiss and Frisby, 1981).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%