Phases of icing on wind turbine blades characterized by ice accumulation

Kraj, Andrea G.; Bibeau, Eric

doi:10.1016/j.renene.2009.09.013

Cited by 123 publications

(63 citation statements)

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“…Cold‐climate regions typically contain a high wind resource, and the higher density air allows for more extraction of power from the wind; however, these cold‐climate regions expose wind turbines to atmospheric icing conditions. Many studies show that wind turbine icing events lead to severe power degradation . This results in significant losses of revenue for wind turbine operators during the winter season and an Annual Energy Production (AEP) loss of up to 20% .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of icing roughness on wind turbine power production

2016

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The objective of this work is a quantitative analysis of power loss of a representative 1.5‐MW wind turbine subject to various icing conditions. Aerodynamic performance data are measured using a combination of ice accretion experiments and wind tunnel tests. Atmospheric icing conditions varying in static temperature, droplet diameter and liquid water content are generated in an icing facility to simulate a 45‐min icing event on a DU 93‐W‐210 airfoil at flow conditions pertinent to 80% blade span on a 1.5‐MW wind turbine. Iced airfoil shapes are molded for preservation and casted for subsequent wind tunnel testing. In general, ice shapes are similar in 2D profile, but vary in 3D surface roughness elements and in the ice impingement length. Both roughness heights and roughness impingement zones are measured. A 16% loss of airfoil lift at operational angle of attack is observed for freezing fog conditions. Airfoil drag increases by 190% at temperatures near 0° C, 145% near 10° C and 80% near 20° C. For a freezing drizzle icing condition, lift loss and drag rise are more severe at 25% and 220%, respectively. An analysis of the wind turbine aerodynamic loads in Region II leads to power losses ranging from 16% to 22% for freezing fog conditions and 26% for a freezing drizzle condition. Differences in power loss between icing conditions are correlated to variance in temperature, ice surface roughness and ice impingement length. Some potential control strategies are discussed for wind turbine operators attempting to minimize revenue loss in cold‐climate regions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of icing roughness on wind turbine power production

2016

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“…Mixed icing is an ice type that is formed in the temperature regime between rime and glaze. Therefore, it is characterized by a balanced ratio between 20 instantaneous freezing and surface freezing (Kraj and Bibeau, 2009). Due to this characteristic, the mixed ice builds up ice horns at an approximately 45…”

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Aerodynamic Performance of the NREL S826 Airfoil in Icing Conditions

Brandrud

Krøgenes

2017

Preprint

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“…15, C, = • c = (9) CD = C¡, sin <p-C.^ cos (p, C¿ = Q cos (p + C,. sin ip (10) where c is the blade chord length (m).…”

Section: Cfd Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Icing was found to affect the performance for a period equivalent to about 1.5% of a year [8]. The degradation of power performance on wind turbine blade profiles has been experimentally examined [9]. By the use of 2D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and blade element momentum (BEM) methods, wind turbine power losses due to icing have been estimated to be up to 20% [10].…”

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confidence: 99%

The Impact of Ice Formation on Wind Turbine Performance and Aerodynamics

Barber

Wang

Jafari

et al. 2011

Journal of Solar Energy Engineering

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Wind energy is the world's fastest growing source of electricity production; if this trend is to continue, sites that are plentiful in terms of wind velocity must be efficiently utilized. Many such sites are located in cold, wet regions such as the Swiss Alps, the Scandinavian coastline, and many areas of China and North America, where the predicted power curves can be of low accuracy, and the performance often deviates significantly from the expected performance. There are often prolonged shutdown and inefficient heating cycles, both of which may be unnecessary. Thus, further understanding of the effects of ice formation on wind turbine blades is required. Experimental and computational studies are undertaken to examine the effects of ice formation on wind turbine peiformance. The experiments are conducted on a dynamically scaled model in the wind turbine test facility at ETH Zurich. The central element of the facility is a water towing tank that enables full-scale nondimensional parameters to be more closely matched on a subscale model than in a wind tunnel. A novel technique is developed to yield accurate measurements of wind turbine performance, incorporating the use of a torquemeter with a series of systematic measurements. These measurements are complemented by predictions obtained using a commercial Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes computational fiuid dynamics code. The measured and predicted results show that icing typical of that found at the Guetsch Alpine Test Site (2330 m altitude) can reduce the power coefficient by up to 22% and the annual energy production (AEP) by up to 2%. icing in the blade tip region, 95-100% blade span, has the most pronounced effect on the wind turbine's performance. For wind turbines in more extreme icing conditions typical of those in Bern Jura, for example, icing can result in up to 17% losses in AEP. Icing at high altitude sites does not cause significant AEP losses, whereas icing at lower altitude sites can have a significant impact on AEP. Thus, the classification of icing is a key to the further development of prediction tools. It would be advantageous to tailor blade heating for prevention of ice buildup on the blade's tip region. An "extreme" icing predictive tool for the project development of wind farms in regions that are highly susceptible to icing would be beneficial to wind energy developers.

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Phases of icing on wind turbine blades characterized by ice accumulation

Cited by 123 publications

References 1 publication

Effect of icing roughness on wind turbine power production

Effect of icing roughness on wind turbine power production

Aerodynamic Performance of the NREL S826 Airfoil in Icing Conditions

The Impact of Ice Formation on Wind Turbine Performance and Aerodynamics

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