Phased evacuation: An optimisation model which takes into account the capacity drop phenomenon in pedestrian flows

Measuring the steady state of pedestrian flow in bottleneck experiments

“…Most experiments were conducted under normal situations, in which the participants were asked to walk through the bottleneck with normal speed. Only a few experiments were conducted under competitive [19], hurried [20], pushing [17] or stressful [8] [21] showed the time series of pedestrian flow. The flow changes significantly in transient state which is at the beginning and at the end, but keeps constant in steady state.…”

Hierarchical multi-objective evacuation routing in stadium using ant colony optimization approach

“…It is planned to extend the proposed HMERP model to optimize evacuation routings using several approaches; for example, defining more realistic evacuation scenarios, including more evacuees from a stadium and different kinds of disasters, dividing the evacuees into individuals versus groups, the interactions among evacuees, capacity drop phenomenon (Cepolina, 2009) and even predicting the time-varying patterns of evacuation for real-time evacuation management (Hamza-Lup et al, 2008). Future research will focus on improving the space-time paths of evacuees.…”

A proposed pedestrian waiting-time model for improving space–time use efficiency in stadium evacuation scenarios

“…the radio-frequency identification (RFID)-based system described by Vanem and Ellis, 2010 [52]), extending the pedestrian service level concept [12] to model the evacuation level of service in a stadium environment, and modelling the interactions [7] between evacuees and predicting the time-varying patterns of evacuating agents for real-time operational management [20]. Our research will focus on the spaceetime accessibility analysis of evacuees in supporting the exit-choosing behaviour [13] and predicting waiting time and evacuation clearance time [30].…”

“…Studies on this subject led to the development of several simulationbased models designed to investigate bottlenecks induced by panic behaviour [22], pedestrian movements [7,41], and waiting time in crowded areas [9,10]. These studies employed techniques including cellular automata models, lattice gas models, social force models, fluid-dynamic models, agent-based models, game theory models, as well as models based on animal experiments (reviewed by Zheng et al, 2009 [58]) as the basis for evacuation scenario simulations [55].…”