Phase Transitions in Thylakoid Polar Lipids of Chilling-Sensitive Plants

Raison, John K.; Orr, Glenda R.

doi:10.1104/pp.80.3.638

Cited by 43 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The hypothesis has been supported by the detection of L,,-to-L# phase transitions in the PG molecular species purified from chilling-sensitive plants but not in the PG molecular species from chillingresistant plants or in other thylakoid lipids from resistant plants (17). In addition, phase transitions have been detected by DSC in the total polar lipids from the leaves (24) and thylakoids (23) of chilling-sensitive plants as well as by fluorescence methods in thylakoid, mitochondrial, and plasma membrane preparations and their lipid extracts (3,20,22). Positive correlations have been found between chilling sensitivity and the proportions of HMFA (palmitic acid, 16:1, and stearic acid) and/or with the content of high melting point molecular species of PG (7,12,15,16).…”

supporting

confidence: 51%

Effects of Temperature on the Phase Behavior and Permeability of Thylakoid Lipid Vesicles

Webb

Lynch²,

Green³

1992

Plant Physiol.

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Large unilamellar vesicles composed of thylakoid glycolipids, phosphatidylglycerol, and varying proportions of dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) have been examined for the temperature dependence of their permeability to 86Rb+ and for the occurrence of liquid-crystalline to gel (L,-to-L,) primary plant response to chilling temperatures is a L,-to-L,4lipid phase transition in the cellular membranes (9, 21). One prediction of this theory was that significantly increased cellular permeability to ions and other solutes would result from the formation of 'cracks and channels' in the solid-state lipid (9). More recently, a similar hypothesis specific to the chloroplast membranes was proposed by Murata and co-workers (12, 14-17). The hypothesis suggests that elevated proportions of high melting point molecular species of PG in chloroplasts promote the formation of L3 phase lipid at chilling temperatures in sensitive plants. The hypothesis has been supported by the detection of L,,-to-L# phase transitions in the PG molecular species purified from chilling-sensitive plants but not in the PG molecular species from chillingresistant plants or in other thylakoid lipids from resistant plants (17). In addition, phase transitions have been detected by DSC in the total polar lipids from the leaves (24) and thylakoids (23) of chilling-sensitive plants as well as by fluorescence methods in thylakoid, mitochondrial, and plasma membrane preparations and their lipid extracts (3,20,22). Positive correlations have been found between chilling sensitivity and the proportions of HMFA (palmitic acid, 16:1, and stearic acid) and/or with the content of high melting point molecular species of PG (7,12,15,16). On the other hand, no correlation was observed between the degree of chilling sensitivity of CO2 fixation and the occurrence of endotherms, as detected by DSC, in the thylakoids of a wide variety of chilling-sensitive and chilling-resistant plants (8).No changes in Chl a fluorescence, indicative of phase separation, were observed in chloroplasts of chilling-sensitive tomato between 0 and 200C (13). Other workers have not found a good correlation between the content of high melting point molecular species of PG and chilling sensitivity (1,5,25)

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supporting

confidence: 51%

Effects of Temperature on the Phase Behavior and Permeability of Thylakoid Lipid Vesicles

Webb

Lynch²,

Green³

1992

Plant Physiol.

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“…According to the hypothesis, differences in the degree of saturation of membrane lipids would affect the threshold temperature for the phase shift, and result in varying species sensitivity to chilling injury. Although phase transitions have been demonstrated in isolated thylakoids from chilling-sensitive plants (Raison & Orr, 1986), there are many aspects of chilling injury which cannot be explained by the Lyons hypothesis in its original form (Lyons, Graham & Raison, 1979), and much more work on individual organelles and lipid sub-classes will be necessary to resolve this complex topic.…”

Section: Biochemical Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene expression under temperature stress*

1993

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SUMMARY In this review, changes in plant gene expression in response to environmental stresses are discussed using the examples of high and low temperature treatments. While some changes may contribute to acclimatory processes which improve plant survival or performance under stress, others may be ‘shock’ responses indicative of sensitivity. The heat‐shock response, which is almost ubiquitous among eukaryotic organisms, is characterized by repression of normal cellular protein synthesis mediated at both the transcriptional and the translational level, and induction of heat‐shock protein (HSP) synthesis. There is a correlation between HSP synthesis and induced thermotolerance in plants, but the evidence for a causal relationship is not conclusive. The possible biochemical functions of some of the HSPs are now becoming apparent; they are believed to play an important role in preventing accumulation of damaged proteins in the cell during heat shock. Although no other environmental stress elicits the full heat‐shock response, certain treatments do induce synthesis of subsets of the HSPs, and the reasons for this are considered. Alterations in gene expression in response to low temperatures are more diverse and usually less dramatic than the heat‐shock response, with which they share little, if any, homology. Biochemical adjustments during cold treatment are discussed, with particular reference to those which contribute to acclimation. Several genes whose expression is induced by cold have been cloned and characterized, and in some cases it is possible to attribute in vivo functions to them; they include enzymes of lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism, structural proteins and putative cryoprotectants. The use of transgenic plants is further facilitating an investigation of the biochemical factors which are important in cold acclimation. Drought, osmotic stress and abscisic acid induce expression of many of the same genes as does cold treatment; it seems likely that some of the products of these genes contribute to increased freezing tolerance by protecting against intracellular dehydration.

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“…1) and that for the lipid transition (Fig. 2) for the three tomato ecotypes, might be attributed to the ability of the plants to acclimate, as previously noted for some other plants (14,16). While a small shift in the optimum for CO2 exchange has been noted for LA1777 when shifted from growth at 27°/18°C to 140 (18), the temperature of the lipid transition in the tomato ecotypes is not altered by growth temperature (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…As shown in Figure 2, for ecotypes grown at 260/20°, the temperature coefficient for the fluorescence of trans-parinaric acid associated with the leaf polar lipids increased abruptly below 100, 150, and 14°C for the LA1777, LA1361, and LA1625, respectively. It has been shown that the increase in the temperature coefficient of fluorescence intensity is indicative of a phase transition and occurs at a temperature coincident with that of an exothermic transition detected by calorimetry (16). The polarization ratio of fluorescence also increased below these temperatures, reaching about 1.8 at 0°C (result not shown) indicating that gel phase lipids formed below the critical temperature.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 68%

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Sensitivity of Altitudinal Ecotypes of the Wild Tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum to Chilling Injury

Raison

Brown²

1989

Plant Physiol.

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The transition temperature of the leaf polar lipids and the critical temperature for chill-induced inhibition of photosynthesis was determined for three altitudinal ecotypes of the wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum. Photosynthesis was measured as C02-dependent 02 evolution at 25°C after leaf slices were exposed to chilling temperatures for 2 hours at a moderate photon flux density of 450 micromoles per square meter per second. The transition temperature of the leaf polar lipids was detected from the change in the temperature coefficient of the fluorescence intensity of trans-parinaric acid. Chill-induced photoinhibition was evident in the three tomato ecotypes when they were chilled below a critical temperature of 100, 110, and 130C, respectively, for the high (LA1777), mid (LA1625), and low (LA1361) altitudinal ecotypes. The temperature differential, below the critical temperature, required to produce a 50% inhibition was also similar for the three ecotypes. A transition was detected in the leaf polar lipids of these plants at a temperature similar to that of the critical temperature for photoinhibition. The results show that the three tomato ecotypes are similar with respect to their critical temperature for chilling-induced photoinhibition and the rate of their response to the chilling stress. They are, thus, similarly sensitive to chilling.Altitudinal ecotypes of the wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum have been used extensively in comparative studies of the susceptibility ofplants to chilling (1,10,12,18 It is important to note that in the terminology adopted here a distinction is being made between the terms 'sensitivity' to chilling and 'response' to a chilling stress. The basis for the distinction is that described by Raison and Lyons (15). For tropical plants that are sensitive to chilling there is usually a critical temperature below which injury develops and this can vary from about 70 to 1 5C depending on the species (7, 13). For plants with a critical temperature near 15°C and chilled at 0°C the chilling stress, determined as the temperature differential below the critical temperature, will be greater than that for plants with a critical temperature near 7°C. The term response is used in relation to the time or rate of symptom development. For any plant this will depend on the chilling stress (1), the type of tissue (19), its metabolic state prior to chilling (9), the time in a day/night cycle when chilling commences, the chilling temperature (9), and a number of environmental factors such as humidity (20). From the available data, it is not clear whether the tomato ecotypes adapted to the lower temperatures at high elevation are less sensitive to chilling, i.e. have a lower critical temperature, or are more resistant to the stress and thus show a slower response.Differences have been noted in both the response and sensitivity of photosynthetic reactions of plants to chilling for a few hours at a moderate PFD of less than 500 ,umol m-2 s-' (2, 4). For plants sensitive to chilling, such as olea...

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Phase Transitions in Thylakoid Polar Lipids of Chilling-Sensitive Plants

Cited by 43 publications

References 30 publications

Effects of Temperature on the Phase Behavior and Permeability of Thylakoid Lipid Vesicles

Effects of Temperature on the Phase Behavior and Permeability of Thylakoid Lipid Vesicles

Gene expression under temperature stress*

Sensitivity of Altitudinal Ecotypes of the Wild Tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum to Chilling Injury

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