Phase transition of photons and gravitons in a Casimir box

Abstract

A first order phase transition for photons and gravitons in a Casimir box is studied analytically from first principles with a detailed understanding of symmetry breaking due to boundary conditions. It is closely related to Bose-Einstein condensation and accompanied by a quantum phase transition whose control parameter is the chemical potential for optical helicity.

Gauge theories with non-trivial boundary conditions II: Black holes

“…Those bulk modes corresponding to the bulk would-be pure gauge configurations. It would be interesting to see the relationship among those modes, the soft hair of black holes [63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70], and Barnich's non-proper gauge degrees of freedom [71][72][73][74].…”