In
this study, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OH), a biamphiphilic compound
with a wide range of biological activities, has been investigated
at the air/water interface. We were interested in how two hydroxyl
groups attached at distal positions of the 25-OH molecule (namely,
at C(3) in the sterane system and at C(25) in the side chain) influence
its surface behavior. Apart from traditional Langmuir monolayers,
other complementary surface-sensitive techniques, such as electric
surface potential measurements, Brewster angle microscopy (BAM, enabling
texture visualization and film thickness measurements), and polarization
modulation-infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS),
were applied. Experimental data have been interpreted with the aid
of theoretical study. Our results show that 25-OH molecules in the
monomolecular layer are anchored to the water surface alternatively
with C(3) or C(25) hydroxyl groups. Theoretical calculations revealed
that the populations of these alternative orientations were not equal
and molecules anchored with C(3) hydroxyl groups were found to be
in excess. As a consequence of such an arrangement, surface films
of 25-OH are of lower stability as compared to cholesterol (considered
as a non-oxidized analogue of 25-OH). Moreover, it was found that,
upon compression, the transition from mono- to bilayer occurred. The
molecular mechanism and interactions stabilizing bilayer structure
were proposed. The explanation of the observed unusual surface behavior
of 25-OH may contribute to an understanding of differences in biological
activity between chain- and ring-oxidized sterols.