Phase Transformations in Carbon Fullerenes at High Shock Pressures

Yoo, Choong‐Shik; Nellis, W. J.

doi:10.1126/science.254.5037.1489

Cited by 97 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…2a and b), which indicates that the carbon fullerene was still in a stable state. This result is consistent with that reported by Yoo and Nellis [1], who demonstrated that carbon fullerene is stable up to at least 17 GPa under shock wave compression. However, when the 913…”

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confidence: 93%

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Characteristics of carbon fullerenes and nanometre grade nickel mixtures under shock wave loading

He¹,

Jin²,

Shen

1995

J Mater Sci Lett

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The nature of stability and phase transformation of carbon futlerenes in high pressure and high temperature environments has been studied by many researchers. Under shock wave loading conditions, Yoo and Nellis [1] demonstrated that carbon fullerenes are stable below 17 GPa, and completely transform to graphite at 27 GPa. At higher pressures, products were mainly graphite and amorphous carbon; no diamond phase was observed. Recently, Bocquillon et al. [2] found that using metals or alloys in group VIII as catalysts, an approximately a0% yield of diamond could be obtained from (;6o under hydrostatic compression. Moreover, HiraJi et al. [3] also reported that by sandwiching C60 ,crystal between gold foils a mixture of diamond and amorphous carbon was recovered under shock wave loading.Nanometre grade metal is a newly developed material. Because of its superfine crystal size and boundary structure, it exhibits many unique physical and chemical properties when compared to conventional metal powder. For instance, it has much higher reactivity. This letter focuses on the characteristics of carbon fullerenes in the presence of nanometre grade., metal under shock wave loading conditions, including stability, phase transformation and interaction with this type of metal. Following Bocquillon et al. [2], nickel (in group VIII) powder of nanometre grade was chosen for this work.The carbon fullerene used was a powder mixture of C60, C70 etc., with about 85 wt % C60. Pre-shock samples were prepared by mixing the carbon fullerenes with nanometre grade (30-50 nm) nickel powder, then pressing into a steel capsule to form a disc of diameter l0 mm and thickness 0.7 ram. The bulk density was about 3.5-3.6 gcm -3. The mass ratio of carbon fallerenes and nickel was 1:2. The steel capsule was embedded in a momentum trap recovery fixture (Fig. 1), which prevents the sample from being thrown off upon the severe impact. A steel plate (the impactor), accelerated by an explosive wave to high velocity, impacts onto the steel capsule, subjecting the sample to shock wave loading.Experiments were carried out under two typical loading conditions: the impacting velocities were *Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed. 0261-8028 9Chapman & Hall --10 Figure 1 Scheme of shock wave loading system. (1) Detonator, (2) booster explosive, (3) vessel, (4) main explosive, (5) impactor, (6) outer capsule, (7) inner capsule, (8) sample, (9) momentum ring, (10) momentum plate.1.67 and 3.16kms -t. Shock pressure and mean shock temperature in the samples were about 11.3 GPa, 1170 K and 33.7 GPa, 3040 K, calculated following the method of McQueen et al. [4]. In the calculation, the equation of state parameters of carbon fullerenes were approximated by those of graphite, and the data for graphite, nickel and steel were taken from [5]. After shock, samples were removed from the steel capsule by lathe cutting. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to identify the phases in the recovered samples. Fig. 2 shows the ...

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confidence: 93%

“…Under shock wave loading conditions, Yoo and Nellis [1] demonstrated that carbon fullerenes are stable below 17 GPa, and completely transform to graphite at 27 GPa. At higher pressures, products were mainly graphite and amorphous carbon; no diamond phase was observed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of carbon fullerenes and nanometre grade nickel mixtures under shock wave loading

He¹,

Jin²,

Shen

1995

J Mater Sci Lett

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“…( v ) synthesizing metastable materials, [58][59][60] (vi) synthesizing carbon phases from C-60, [61][62][63] (vii) inducing enormous densities of shock-induced defects which alter physical properties (superconductors have higher critical current densities [64][65][66][67][68] and permanent magnets are more permanent 6 9 ) , (viii) crystallographically oriented shock compacts, 7 0 (ix) shocking oriented crystals at an angle to the impactor to maximize defect generation without fracturing the sample, 7 1 (x) shock compacting ceramic powders to get high densities with microstructural features which would enhance performance, [72][73][74][75] (xi) shock compaction of metastable materials to make consolidated powder compacts by working completely out of the equilibrium phase diagram, 76 (xii) comparing experimental data with a computer code which simulates shock compaction of powder particles, 77,78 (xiii) shock-induced amorphization, …”

Section: E Materials Recovered From High Shock Pressuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical Background of Ultrahigh Pressure Shock Compression Experiments at LLNL: 1973 to 2000

Nellis¹

2000

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“…Highly strong construction materials may be obtained by bulk compression of fullerene condensates (fullerites). Pioneering work in this field was performed by several research groups [6][7][8][9]. When pressure is about 1 GPa and temperature is 200…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystalline structure and properties of diamond-like materials

Belenkov¹,

Brzhezinskaya²,

Greshnyakov³

2017

Nanosystems: Phys. Chem. Math.

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Using density functional theory, the structures and properties of carbon diamond-like phases, all of whose atoms occupy equivalent crystallographic positions, were studied. Structures of these phases were obtained by linking or superposing ofcarbon clusters. It was found that thirteen such phases can exist. The calculated structural characteristics and properties (density, cohesive energy, bandgap, bulk modulus, hardness, and x-ray diffraction pattern) of the diamond-like phases under study differ significantly from respective parameters of cubic diamond.

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Phase Transformations in Carbon Fullerenes at High Shock Pressures

Cited by 97 publications

References 22 publications

Characteristics of carbon fullerenes and nanometre grade nickel mixtures under shock wave loading

Characteristics of carbon fullerenes and nanometre grade nickel mixtures under shock wave loading

Historical Background of Ultrahigh Pressure Shock Compression Experiments at LLNL: 1973 to 2000

Crystalline structure and properties of diamond-like materials

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