Phase transformations and microstructure evolution during combustion of iron powder

Choisez, Laurine; Rooij, Niek E. van; Hessels, C.J.M.; Silva, Alisson Kwiatkowski da; Filho, Isnaldi Rodrigues de Souza; Ma, Yan; Goey, de Lph Philip; Springer, Hauke; Raabe, Dierk

doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2022.118261

Cited by 25 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 38 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The combusted particles are mainly spherical, but some of them are tulip shaped hollow shells, resulting from micro-explosions (see center image in Fig. 1 for an example), as already observed in previous studies [34][35][36][37][38]. The particles show different surface roughnesses, most likely resulting from different combustion profiles.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 71%

“…The combusted particles are captured in a long horizontal cooling section, followed by a cyclone. Powder (Pometon MT63) combusted using the same burner has been studied in great detail by Choisez et al [34], who analyzed the microstructure of the combusted powder in order to better understand the combustion process. They found their powder to be mostly spherical, consisting of a mixture of magnetite and hematite.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Minimum Fluidization Velocity and Reduction Behavior of Combusted Iron Powder in a Fluidized Bed

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimum Fluidization Velocity and Reduction Behavior of Combusted Iron Powder in a Fluidized Bed

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Detailed microstructure-and alloy-oriented research on these topics has also only just begun on the corresponding materials. 113 Iron, aluminum and silicon in particular are considered to have high potential as metal fuels due to their huge abundance and safe handling. These and other (semi-)metals have a very high energy storage density (iron, 16 kWh per liter; aluminum, 24.5 kWh per liter), exceeding those of most other energy carriers, Figure 153.…”

Section: Sustainable Combustion Of Metals and Alloys: A Nexus For Cle...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This includes, for example, the direct injection of hydrogen (or ammonia, methane, methanol, etc.) as additional fuels or the injection of metallic powders as an energysupplying fuel, 112,113 provided that these substances are produced by using sustainable energy (see also section 10). In contrast, many of the metals required for erecting completely new sustainable power plants are not currently available on the market.…”

Section: The Conflict Of Building Sustainable Technologies With Non-s...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Materials Science behind Sustainable Metals and Alloys

Raabe

2023

Chem. Rev.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Production of metals stands for 40% of all industrial greenhouse gas emissions, 10% of the global energy consumption, 3.2 billion tonnes of minerals mined, and several billion tonnes of by-products every year. Therefore, metals must become more sustainable. A circular economy model does not work, because market demand exceeds the available scrap currently by about two-thirds. Even under optimal conditions, at least one-third of the metals will also in the future come from primary production, creating huge emissions. Although the influence of metals on global warming has been discussed with respect to mitigation strategies and socio-economic factors, the fundamental materials science to make the metallurgical sector more sustainable has been less addressed. This may be attributed to the fact that the field of sustainable metals describes a global challenge, but not yet a homogeneous research field. However, the sheer magnitude of this challenge and its huge environmental effects, caused by more than 2 billion tonnes of metals produced every year, make its sustainability an essential research topic not only from a technological point of view but also from a basic materials research perspective. Therefore, this paper aims to identify and discuss the most pressing scientific bottleneck questions and key mechanisms, considering metal synthesis from primary (minerals), secondary (scrap), and tertiary (re-mined) sources as well as the energy-intensive downstream processing. Focus is placed on materials science aspects, particularly on those that help reduce CO2 emissions, and less on process engineering or economy. The paper does not describe the devastating influence of metal-related greenhouse gas emissions on climate, but scientific approaches how to solve this problem, through research that can render metallurgy fossil-free. The content is considering only direct measures to metallurgical sustainability (production) and not indirect measures that materials leverage through their properties (strength, weight, longevity, functionality).

show abstract

“…Therefore it is expected to be only accurate under fuel-rich conditions, as in fuel-lean conditions iron can oxidize further. In several different experimental set-ups [22][23][24] it is observed that, when sufficient oxygen is present, iron powder is converted to https://doi.org/ Various properties of metal oxides [16][17][18]. Changes in formation enthalpy 𝛥ℎ 𝑓 are normalized per kilogram of Fe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%