Phase transformation of Ni/Si thin films induced by nanoindentation and annealing

Lee, Woei Shyan; Chen, Tao Hsing; Lin, Chi Feng; Chen, Jyun Ming

doi:10.1007/s00339-010-5706-0

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The spectrum for the as grown nanowire show a peak compliant with NiSi 2 at 371 cm −1 from the core, Si at 520 cm −1 from the amorphous shell and NiO at 1000 cm −1 . 10,[12][13][14][15][16][17] The NiSi 2 occurs due to the conservation of free Ni within the system when the Ni from the crystalline core diffuses into the amorphous shell doping it to 10 atomic%. The NiO signal shows that there is free Ni at the surface which needs to be passivated since NiO in the bulk would be reduced by any free Si.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cycling Performance and Surface Passivation Qualities of a Heterogeneous Amorphous Ni_xSiO_y/Polycrystalline NiSi₂Core Shell Nanowire Used as a Li-Ion Battery Anode

Lund

Lee

Efstathiadis

et al. 2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The cycling stability and the surface passivation qualities of a heterogeneous polycrystalline NiSi 2 /amorphous Ni x SiO y core-shell nanowires cycled in a Li ion half cell is reported. The nanowire morphology showed stable cycling and excellent charge rate capability having a stable capacity above 1700 mAh/g when cycled in a coin cell at 1/2 C and retaining a capacity of 300 mAhr/g when cycled at a 10 C charge rate. It is shown that the stable cycling is due to the passivation qualities of the oxide components within the amorphous shell which create a stable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) during charging which is reduced during discharging through the conductive pathway provided by the Ni doping in the shell and NiSi 2 in the core. The NiSi 2 core interacts with Li through intercalation retaining its rigid core even while Li charged, the overall dimensions of the structure mitigate any pulverization issues, and the conductive core along with the Ni doping disallow any Li trapping leading to high columbic efficiency.Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are the energy storage devices of choice for items ranging from portable electronic devices to electric vehicles (EVs). Most current batteries in this technology family rely on graphite as an anode material, which has relatively low charge storage capacity inhibiting the range of electric vehicles and the lifetime of portable electronics. The use of higher capacity materials for both anode and cathode can alleviate the life-time problems, but are plagued by an array of issues resulting from the materials having an alloying rather than an intercalation reaction with Li. 1-7 For anode materials Si has the highest theoretical capacity (4422 mAh/g 11X higher than graphite at 372 mAh/g) and has been sought after for use in Li-ion batteries. 1-5 Utilizing Si as an anode material creates three different problems in its application namely: pulverization created through strain in volume expansion during alloying, Li trapping due to Si semiconductor to conductor transition when lithiated, and unmitigated creation of a passivation layer on the anode called solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth. 1-8 The SEI is formed due to the bath constituents being unstable at the operating voltage of the Li-ion battery thus decomposing into an insulating layer on the electrode surface. 1-7 Since Si goes through continuous volume expansion during lithiation, Si brings new unpassivated material to the electrode surface to be passivated creating a large SEI layer. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] For Si to achieve such a high capacity Si alloys with Li to create the Li 22 Si 5 silicide causing a 400% volume expansion during the reaction. 1-4 The strain induced pulverization however was shown to be mitigated by going to nano dimensioned materials namely under 150 nm. 6 The second problem in the creation of an unstable SEI passivation layer however has not been solved for Si. 1-5 This passivation layer is created upon the first several cycles of the Si anode material with the electrolyte and is main...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cycling Performance and Surface Passivation Qualities of a Heterogeneous Amorphous Ni_xSiO_y/Polycrystalline NiSi₂Core Shell Nanowire Used as a Li-Ion Battery Anode

Lund

Lee

Efstathiadis

et al. 2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…The negative biasing induces a translation of the MW plasma and a MW-RF capacitive coupling occurs close to [34] and generate a molten Si/Ni phase rich in Si (Figure 7b). This phase, similar to the whole Si substrate, is negatively polarized and feels the average electrical field between substrate and plasma.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid C-nanotubes/Si 3D nanostructures by one-step growth in a dual-plasma reactor

Toschi

Orlanducci

Guglielmotti

et al. 2012

Chemical Physics Letters

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“…Lee et al [1–2] investigated the microstructural changes and phase transformations induced by nanoindentation and annealing in Ni [1] and Ag thin films [2] on Si substrates. They revealed that the distortion of the crystalline structure induced by indentation enhances the diffusivity of metal atoms and prompts the formation of nickel and silver silicide phases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, the material pileup around the indents in the as-deposited film fully recovered and disappeared after annealing in the temperature range of 250–450 °C [3]. It should be noted that in all three works [1–3] the maximum indentation depth was larger than the metal film thickness, which resulted in significant modification of the Si substrate. Still, the microscopic mechanisms responsible for redistribution of matter in the indented region and the microstructural changes caused by annealing remained poorly understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annealing-induced recovery of indents in thin Au(Fe) bilayer films

Kosinova¹,

Schwaiger²,

Klinger³

et al. 2016

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.

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We employed depth-sensing nanoindentation to produce ordered arrays of indents on the surface of 50 nm-thick Au(Fe) films deposited on sapphire substrates. The maximum depth of the indents was approximately one-half of the film thickness. The indented films were annealed at a temperature of 700 °C in a forming gas atmosphere. While the onset of solid-state dewetting was observed in the unperturbed regions of the film, no holes to the substrate were observed in the indented regions. Instead, the film annealing resulted in the formation of hillocks at the indent locations, followed by their dissipation and the formation of shallow depressions nearby after subsequent annealing treatments. This annealing-induced evolution of nanoindents was interpreted in terms of annihilation of dislocation loops generated during indentation, accompanied by the formation of nanopores at the grain boundaries and their subsequent dissolution. The application of the processes uncovered in this work show great potential for the patterning of thin films.

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Phase transformation of Ni/Si thin films induced by nanoindentation and annealing

Cited by 6 publications

References 32 publications

The Cycling Performance and Surface Passivation Qualities of a Heterogeneous Amorphous Ni_xSiO_y/Polycrystalline NiSi₂Core Shell Nanowire Used as a Li-Ion Battery Anode

The Cycling Performance and Surface Passivation Qualities of a Heterogeneous Amorphous Ni_xSiO_y/Polycrystalline NiSi₂Core Shell Nanowire Used as a Li-Ion Battery Anode

Hybrid C-nanotubes/Si 3D nanostructures by one-step growth in a dual-plasma reactor

Annealing-induced recovery of indents in thin Au(Fe) bilayer films

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Phase transformation of Ni/Si thin films induced by nanoindentation and annealing

Cited by 6 publications

References 32 publications

The Cycling Performance and Surface Passivation Qualities of a Heterogeneous Amorphous NixSiOy/Polycrystalline NiSi2Core Shell Nanowire Used as a Li-Ion Battery Anode

The Cycling Performance and Surface Passivation Qualities of a Heterogeneous Amorphous NixSiOy/Polycrystalline NiSi2Core Shell Nanowire Used as a Li-Ion Battery Anode

Hybrid C-nanotubes/Si 3D nanostructures by one-step growth in a dual-plasma reactor

Annealing-induced recovery of indents in thin Au(Fe) bilayer films

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The Cycling Performance and Surface Passivation Qualities of a Heterogeneous Amorphous Ni_xSiO_y/Polycrystalline NiSi₂Core Shell Nanowire Used as a Li-Ion Battery Anode

The Cycling Performance and Surface Passivation Qualities of a Heterogeneous Amorphous Ni_xSiO_y/Polycrystalline NiSi₂Core Shell Nanowire Used as a Li-Ion Battery Anode