Phase Transfer Catalysis in Organic Synthesis

Wittig and Wittig-Horner reactions under phase transfer catalysis conditions

“…The main advantage of this method is the ease with which the synthesis is performed [17]. NaOH or KOH, either in concentrated aqueous solutions or in the solid form, are the bases most often used under PTC conditions, as opposed to classical conditions, where more reactive bases such as n-BuLi or NaH are used.…”

Ultrasonic condition boosts up the rate of phase transfer catalyzed polymerization of acrylonitrile in two-phase system

“…However, the insolubility of such initiators in organic solvents and monomers makes their use impractical for the polymerization. Fortunately, thanks to phase transfer catalyst (PTC) reaction methodology [12][13][14][15][16][17], phase transfer catalyst facilitates the migration of a reactant from one phase to another in which the reaction occurs, which avoids mass transfer limitations and increases the efficiency of twophase system. This type of catalyst is very versatile for synthesis of polymers and organic compounds in both academia and industry because of its simple experimental process, mild reaction conditions, being inexpensive and the possibility to be implemented on a large scale [18][19][20][21].…”

Recovery of Phase Transferee Catalysts from Waste-water by Adsorption on Zeolite

“…The technique of phase transfer catalysis provides a method which avoids the use of solvent. The literature on chemistry related to phase transfer catalysis has grown rapidly during the last few years [3][4][5]. The concept of phase transfer catalysis is not limited to anion transfer system, but is much more general, so that in principle one could also transfer cations, free radicals, whole molecule.…”