Phase-transfer catalysis. I. Heterogeneous reactions involving anion transfer by quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts

Starks, Charles M.

doi:10.1021/ja00730a033

Cited by 902 publications

(343 citation statements)

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“…Surface-active agents can be added to increase interfacial area and contact between reactants. Phase-transfer catalysts, generally a small symmetric quaternary ammonium cation, may favor the nucleophilic displacement reaction characteristic of the interfacial polycondensation [26]. Interfacial polymerization reaction can be carried out at room temperature and consequently typical problems associated to the melt condensation process can be avoided.…”

Section: Interfacial Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradable Poly(ester amide)s for Biomedical Applications

2010

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Poly(ester amide)s are an emerging group of biodegradable polymers that may cover both commodity and speciality applications. These polymers have ester and amide groups on their chemical structure which are of a degradable character and provide good thermal and mechanical properties. In this sense, the strong hydrogen-bonding interactions between amide groups may counter some typical weaknesses of aliphatic polyesters like for example poly(-caprolactone). Poly(ester amide)s can be prepared from different monomers and following different synthetic methodologies which lead to polymers with random, blocky and ordered microstructures. Properties like hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio and biodegradability can easily be tuned. During the last decade a great effort has been made to get functionalized poly(ester amide)s by incorporation of -amino acids with hydroxyl, carboxyl and amine pendant groups and also by incorporation of carbon-carbon double bonds in both the polymer main chain and the side groups. Specific applications of these materials in the biomedical field are just being developed and are reviewed in this work (e.g., controlled drug delivery systems, hydrogels, tissue engineering and other uses like adhesives and smart materials) together with the main families of functionalized poly(ester amide)s that have been developed to date.

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Section: Interfacial Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradable Poly(ester amide)s for Biomedical Applications

2010

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“…In 1971, Starks introduced the term phase-transfer catalysis to explain the critical role of tetraalkylammonium or phosphonium salts (Q þ X À ) in the reactions between two substances located in different immiscible phases [1]. For instance, the displacement reaction of 1-chlorooctane with aqueous sodium cyanide is accelerated many thousand-fold by the addition of hexadecyltributylphosphonium bromide 1 as a phase-transfer catalyst (Scheme 1.1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Basic Principle of Phase‐Transfer Catalysis and Some Mechanistic Aspects

Hashimoto

Maruoka

2008

Asymmetric Phase Transfer Catalysis

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“…Since initially proposed [48], phase transfer catalysts have become a powerful tool in developing new types of reactions in organic chemistry [32]. The use of phase-transfer catalyst in an environmental context has only been sparingly studied.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%