Phase-sensitive lock-in detection of semiconductor waveguide intensity profiles

Holzman, Jonathan F.; Scollo, R.; Lohe, H.-J.; Robin, F.; Jäckel, H.; Erni, Daniel

doi:10.1063/1.2126810

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The work in an extension of single-channel phase-sensitive beam profile measurement systems we have demonstrated in the past [6]. The system is demonstrated here in a parallel (multi-channel) format to encode an array of modulation frequencies across the transverse distribution of an optical source.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Spatial and spectral encoding technique for optical detection systems

Duerr

Chaudry

Seethaler

et al. 2008

2008 Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering

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A technique for encoding modulation frequencies onto beam profiles is demonstrated. The experimental design employs phase-sensitive lock-in detection in a parallel format to encode and extract spatial and spectral information. This encoding technique is introduced by way of a Multichannel Optical Chopper, whose operation is demonstrated for a variety of spatial optical contrast masks and a spectral filter.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Spatial and spectral encoding technique for optical detection systems

Duerr

Chaudry

Seethaler

et al. 2008

2008 Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering

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“…In particular, performances at low frequencies are significantly better. The field of applications which require the detection of very low signals in noisy surroundings where the use of lock-in detectors from optics is widespread (Andersson et al, 2007;Masciotti et al, 2008;Holzman et al, 2005), impedance spectroscopy (Albertini and Kleemann, 1997), wireless networks (Gabal et al, 2010), biologic applications (Ferri et al, 2001;Johnson et al, 2002), electron spin resonance (ESR) (Vistnes et al, 1984;Murányi et al, 2004) to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (Saam and Conradi, 1998;Caracappa and Thorn, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response on comments from Anonymous Referee #1

Oppermann¹

2017

Preprint

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We present a new versatile datalogger that can be used for a wide range of possible applications in geosciences. It is adjustable in signal strength and sampling frequency, battery saving and can remotely be controlled over a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) connection so that it saves running costs, particularly in monitoring experiments. The internet connection allows for checking functionality, controlling schedules and optimizing pre-amplification. We mainly use it for large-scale electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), where it independently registers voltage time series on three channels, while a square-wave current is injected. For the analysis of this time series we present a new approach that is based on the lock-in (LI) method, mainly known from electronic circuits. The method searches the working point (phase) using three different functions based on a mask signal, and determines the amplitude using a direct current (DC) correlation function. We use synthetic data with different types of noise to compare the new method with existing approaches, i.e. selective stacking and a modified fast Fourier transformation (FFT)-based approach that assumes a 1/f noise characteristics. All methods give comparable results, but the LI is better than the well-established stacking method. The FFT approach can be even better but only if the noise strictly follows the assumed characteristics. If overshoots are present in the data, which is typical in the field, FFT performs worse even with good data, which is why we conclude that the new LI approach is the most robust solution. This is also proved by a field data set from a long 2-D ERT profile.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A remote-control datalogger for large-scale resistivity surveys and robust processing of its signals using a software lock-in approach

Oppermann¹,

Günther²

2018

Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst.

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Abstract. We present a new versatile datalogger that can be used for a wide range of possible applications in geosciences. It is adjustable in signal strength and sampling frequency, battery saving and can remotely be controlled over a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) connection so that it saves running costs, particularly in monitoring experiments. The internet connection allows for checking functionality, controlling schedules and optimizing pre-amplification. We mainly use it for large-scale electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), where it independently registers voltage time series on three channels, while a square-wave current is injected. For the analysis of this time series we present a new approach that is based on the lock-in (LI) method, mainly known from electronic circuits. The method searches the working point (phase) using three different functions based on a mask signal, and determines the amplitude using a direct current (DC) correlation function. We use synthetic data with different types of noise to compare the new method with existing approaches, i.e. selective stacking and a modified fast Fourier transformation (FFT)-based approach that assumes a 1/f noise characteristics. All methods give comparable results, but the LI is better than the well-established stacking method. The FFT approach can be even better but only if the noise strictly follows the assumed characteristics. If overshoots are present in the data, which is typical in the field, FFT performs worse even with good data, which is why we conclude that the new LI approach is the most robust solution. This is also proved by a field data set from a long 2-D ERT profile.

show abstract

Phase-sensitive lock-in detection of semiconductor waveguide intensity profiles

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

Spatial and spectral encoding technique for optical detection systems

Spatial and spectral encoding technique for optical detection systems

Response on comments from Anonymous Referee #1

A remote-control datalogger for large-scale resistivity surveys and robust processing of its signals using a software lock-in approach

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