Phase-resolved optical coherence tomography and optical Doppler tomography for imaging blood flow in human skin with fast scanning speed and high velocity sensitivity

Zhao, Yonghua; Chen, Zhongping; Saxer, Christopher E.; Xiang, Shao‐Hua; Boer, Johannes F. de; Nelson, J. Stuart

doi:10.1364/ol.25.000114

Cited by 557 publications

(422 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…112,148,149 For flat vessel beds, signal variance calculations show a linear dependence on the flow. 150 Since most angiographic structures in skin, retina, or the choroicapillaries are parallel to the tissue surface, those methods are currently investigated in detail.…”

Section: Label-free Optical Angiographymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early developments based on TD OCT include speckle and phase variance and power Doppler imaging. 112,113 The disadvantages of TD OCT were, however, its limited sensitivity and speed for 3-D angiography. This changed with the introduction of FD modalities, 18,114 which paved the way for the exciting developments in optical angiography that we see today.…”

Section: Label-free Optical Angiographymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Optical coherence tomography today: speed, contrast, and multimodality

Drexler¹,

Li²,

Kumar³

et al. 2014

J. Biomed. Opt

400

255

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Abstract. In the last 25 years, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has advanced to be one of the most innovative and most successful translational optical imaging techniques, achieving substantial economic impact as well as clinical acceptance. This is largely owing to the resolution improvements by a factor of 10 to the submicron regime and to the imaging speed increase by more than half a million times to more than 5 million A-scans per second, with the latter one accomplished by the state-of-the-art swept source laser technologies that are reviewed in this article. In addition, parallelization of OCT detection, such as line-field and full-field OCT, has shortened the acquisition time even further by establishing quasi-akinetic scanning. Besides the technical improvements, several functional and contrast-enhancing OCT applications have been investigated, among which the label-free angiography shows great potential for future studies. Finally, various multimodal imaging modalities with OCT incorporated are reviewed, in that these multimodal implementations can synergistically compensate for the fundamental limitations of OCT when it is used alone. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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Section: Label-free Optical Angiographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Label-free Optical Angiographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical coherence tomography today: speed, contrast, and multimodality

Drexler¹,

Li²,

Kumar³

et al. 2014

J. Biomed. Opt

400

255

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This method suffers from an inevitable trade-off between velocity sensitivity, axial resolution and imaging speed, which renders real-time imaging of blood flow in small capillaries impossible. A new method introduced in 2000 by Zhao et al derives the velocity from the phase difference between two subsequent A-scans [88]. It allows for high-resolution realtime Doppler imaging while maintaining submillimeter per second velocity sensitivity.…”

Section: Doppler Octmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical coherence tomography—current technology and applications in clinical and biomedical research

et al. 2011

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Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique providing real-time twoand three-dimensional images of scattering samples with micrometer resolution. Mapping the local reflectivity, OCT visualizes the morphology of the sample. In addition, functional properties such as birefringence, motion or the distribution of certain substances can be detected with high spatial resolution. The main field of application is bio-medical imaging and diagnostics. In ophthalmology, OCT is accepted as a clinical standard for diagnosing and monitoring treatment of a number of retinal diseases, and OCT is becoming an important instrument for clinical cardiology. New applications are emerging in various medical fields, e. g. early-stage cancer detection, surgical guidance, and early diagnosis of musculoskeletal diseases. OCT has also proven its value as a tool for developmental biology. The number of companies involved in manufacturing OCT systems has increased substantially during the last years-especially due to its success in opthalmology-and this technology can be expected to continue to spread into various fields of application.

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“…An important enhancement is Doppler OCT (DOCT) for blood flow measurements [10,11]. Most of the proposed Doppler approaches are based on the phase shift between subsequently detected OCT signals, which is widely referred to as phase-resolved Doppler OCT (PR-DOCT) [12][13][14]. For the commonly used spectrometer-based OCT systems, PR-DOCT is still limited by a minimum and ambiguous maximum flow velocity, by interference fringe blurring, due to fast axially moving samples and by a nonlinear relation between the Doppler phase shift and the axial sample velocity for the case of an obliquely moving sample.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flow Measurement by Lateral Resonant Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography in the Spectral Domain

Walther

Koch

2017

Applied Sciences

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Abstract:In spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), any transverse motion component of a detected obliquely moving sample results in a nonlinear relationship between the Doppler phase shift and the axial sample velocity restricting phase-resolved Doppler OCT (PR-DOCT). The size of the deviation from the linear relation depends on the amount of the transverse velocity component, given by the Doppler angle, and the height of the absolute sample velocity. Especially for very small Doppler angles between the horizontal and flow direction, and high flow velocities, the detected Doppler phase shift approaches a limiting value, making an unambiguous measurement of the axial sample velocity by PR-DOCT impossible. To circumvent this limitation, we propose a new method for resonant Doppler flow quantification in spectral domain OCT, where the scanner movement velocity is matched with the transverse velocity component of the sample motion similar to a tracking shot, where the camera is moved with respect to the sample. Consequently, the influence of the transverse velocity component of the tracked moving particles on the Doppler phase shift is negligible and the linear relation between the phase shift and the axial velocity component can be considered for flow velocity calculations. The proposed method is verified using flow phantoms on the basis of 1% Intralipid solution and diluted human blood.

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Phase-resolved optical coherence tomography and optical Doppler tomography for imaging blood flow in human skin with fast scanning speed and high velocity sensitivity

Cited by 557 publications

References 7 publications

Optical coherence tomography today: speed, contrast, and multimodality

Optical coherence tomography today: speed, contrast, and multimodality

Optical coherence tomography—current technology and applications in clinical and biomedical research

Flow Measurement by Lateral Resonant Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography in the Spectral Domain

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