Phase Nanoscopy with Correlated Frequency Combs

Abstract

This study addresses any sensor based on measuring a physical quantity through the phase of a probing beam. This includes sensing of rotation, acceleration, index change, displacement, fields… While most phase measurements are made by detecting an amplitude change in interfering beams, we detect instead a phase change through a relative frequency shift of two correlated frequency combs. This paper explores the limit sensitivity that this method can achieve, when the combs are generated in an Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO), pumped synchronously by a train of femtosecond pulses separated by half the OPO cavity round-trip time. It is shown that a phase difference as small as 0.4 nanoradians can be resolved between the two pulses circulating in the cavity. This phase difference is one order of magnitude better than the previous record. The root-mean-square deviation of the measured phase over measuring time is close to the standard quantum limit (phase-photon number uncertainty product of 0.66). Innovations that made such improved performances possible include a more stable OPO cavity design; a stabilization system with a novel purely electronic locking of the OPO cavity length relative to that of the pump laser; a shorter pump laser cavity; and a square pulse generator for driving a 0.5 mm pathlength lithium niobate phase modulator. Future data acquisition improvements are suggested that will bring the phase sensitivity exactly to the standard quantum limit, and beyond the quantum limit by squeezing.