Phase Locking to High Frequencies in the Auditory Nerve and Cochlear Nucleus Magnocellularis of the Barn Owl,<i>Tyto alba</i>

Köppl, Christine

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-09-03312.1997

Cited by 281 publications

(247 citation statements)

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“…We can rule out sound level as the major source of differences as similar plots at a given input level showed the same clustering. It is well known, however, that increasing sound level leads to shorter group delays (Köppl 1997b;Temchin and Ruggero 2010;Versteegh et al 2011), and this was also evident in the current dataset (−166±90 μs/10 dB). Therefore, in order to perform a valid comparison with data reported for mammals, we plot the power law regression of the barn owl group delays together with those of two mammalian species, chinchilla ) and gerbil (Versteegh et al 2011) (all obtained close to their respective thresholds).…”

Section: Phase and Delay Analysissupporting

confidence: 68%

“…The group delay, defined as the negative of the derivative of the phase with respect to frequency, is a widely used measure of the transmission time between outer ear and AN fibers (Köppl 1997b;Recio-Spinoso et al 2005;Versteegh et al 2011). Because most of the phase-frequency curves were non-linear (Fig.…”

Section: Phase and Delay Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The avian basilar papilla shares a common origin with (i.e., is homologous to) the mammalian cochlea but has evolved salient specializations independently from its mammalian counterpart (Manley and Köppl 1998;Köppl 2011) to achieve equivalent functions. Surprisingly, clear morphological differences can still result in auditory nerve responses with similar characteristics such as group delays and frequency tuning (Köppl 1997b;Ruggero and Temchin 2007). While fundamental for research on the auditory system of birds, a better understanding of the avian cochlea can also help gain insight into the mammalian cochlea, by comparing similarities and differences in morphology and physiology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reverse Correlation Analysis of Auditory-Nerve Fiber Responses to Broadband Noise in a Bird, the Barn Owl

Fontaine

Köppl

Peña

2014

JARO

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While the barn owl has been extensively used as a model for sound localization and temporal coding, less is known about the mechanisms at its sensory organ, the basilar papilla (homologous to the mammalian cochlea). In this paper, we characterize, for the first time in the avian system, the auditory nerve fiber responses to broadband noise using reverse correlation. We use the derived impulse responses to study the processing of sounds in the cochlea of the barn owl. We characterize the frequency tuning, phase, instantaneous frequency, and relationship to input level of impulse responses. We show that, even features as complex as the phase dependence on input level, can still be consistent with simple linear filtering. Where possible, we compare our results with mammalian data. We identify salient differences between the barn owl and mammals, e.g., a much smaller frequency glide slope and a bimodal impulse response for the barn owl, and discuss what they might indicate about cochlear mechanics. While important for research on the avian auditory system, the results from this paper also allow us to examine hypotheses put forward for the mammalian cochlea.

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Section: Phase and Delay Analysissupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Phase and Delay Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reverse Correlation Analysis of Auditory-Nerve Fiber Responses to Broadband Noise in a Bird, the Barn Owl

Fontaine

Köppl

Peña

2014

JARO

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“…Interaural (inter-ear) time differences have been shown [1] to be their only cue. The spatial resolution implies a temporal precision at least as good as 40 ms [2,3].We focus on the laminar nucleus as the first station in the brain receiving input from both ears. Interaural time differences (ITDs) are represented there by means of a place code.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interaural (inter-ear) time differences have been shown [1] to be their only cue. The spatial resolution implies a temporal precision at least as good as 40 ms [2,3].…”

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Temporal Map Formation in the Barn Owl’s Brain

Leibold

Kempter²,

Hemmen³

2001

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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Barn owls provide an experimentally well-specified example of a temporal map, a neuronal representation of the outside world in the brain by means of time. Their laminar nucleus exhibits a place code of interaural time differences, a cue which is used to determine the azimuthal location of a sound stimulus, e.g., prey. We analyze a model of synaptic plasticity that explains the formation of such a representation in the young bird and show how in a large parameter regime a combination of local and nonlocal synaptic plasticity yields the temporal map as found experimentally. Our analysis includes the effect of nonlinearities as well as the influence of neuronal noise. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.248101 PACS numbers: 87.18. -h, 43.64. +r, 87.19.La Many animals have in their brain neuronal representations of the outside world, which we call maps. These representations are due to sensory organs. Vision, for instance, provides a direct map through the lens of the eye onto the retina and, accordingly, is dominantly spatial. Audition, on the other hand, has far fewer cues but time is one of them, a very important one. Here we face the question of how a temporal map can arise and provide an answer by considering a specific example, the barn owl's sound localization.Barn owls are nocturnal predators that are able to catch mice in complete darkness. In so doing they reach an amazing azimuthal resolution of 2 ± . Interaural (inter-ear) time differences have been shown [1] to be their only cue. The spatial resolution implies a temporal precision at least as good as 40 ms [2,3].We focus on the laminar nucleus as the first station in the brain receiving input from both ears. Interaural time differences (ITDs) are represented there by means of a place code. That is to say, the azimuthal position is mapped one-to-one onto corresponding neuronal sites in the laminar nucleus, each neuron signaling its preferred azimuthal location through a maximal firing rate. As the stimulus location is varied, so is the maximal ITD response in the laminar nucleus [2]; cf. Fig. 1. Henceforth the resulting map is a neuronal representation of azimuthal stimulus locations. We can now ask two questions. How does it function, in particular, why is the precision that good (40 ms), and how does it arise? As we will see, the answers to both questions are interrelated in that the map as it evolves leads to firing precision.Here we analyze how a novel mechanism of synaptic plasticity [5] gives rise to a temporal map. As was indicated by a numerical study [5], local so-called Hebbian learning depending on spike timing of the pre-and postsynaptic neuron [6,7], which precede and follow the synapse under consideration (hence Hebbian), and small, axonally propagated, synaptic modifications [8] together induce a temporal map. One may call the underlying mechanism "axon-mediated spike-based learning" (AMSL). We now present an analytic solution to the proposed synaptic dynamics and explain the model's performance in dependence upon the learning procedure, biol...

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Neural Basis of Audition

Carney

2002

Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology

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This chapter reviews the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the auditory system. A brief introduction to the key acoustical parameters that are important for understanding the physiological literature is included. Responses to simple tonal stimuli and to some more complex sounds are described for several levels of the auditory pathway, from the auditory nerve to the auditory cortex . Responses of central neurons to binaural stimuli are described in the context of spatial localization. A brief description of the descending pathways is also included. Where applicable, neural responses are described in terms of both average discharge rates and temporal response properties. The influence of the nonlinear, or level‐dependent, properties of the cochlea on average‐rate and temporal responses of auditory neurons are described; these nonlinearities are an important property of the healthy inner ear and have been a major focus of recent research on the auditory system.

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Phase Locking to High Frequencies in the Auditory Nerve and Cochlear Nucleus Magnocellularis of the Barn Owl,Tyto alba

Cited by 281 publications

References 48 publications

Reverse Correlation Analysis of Auditory-Nerve Fiber Responses to Broadband Noise in a Bird, the Barn Owl

Reverse Correlation Analysis of Auditory-Nerve Fiber Responses to Broadband Noise in a Bird, the Barn Owl

Temporal Map Formation in the Barn Owl’s Brain

Neural Basis of Audition

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