Phase Identification and Internal Stress Analysis of Steamside Oxides on Plant Exposed Superheater Tubes

Abstract

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Effect of Fe ion concentration on fatigue life of carbon steel in aqueous CO2environment

“…It is expected that the tensile stresses caused cracking of the scale but without spallation. This is in a good agreement with the reported results, 49 where no spallation of the scale was seen when applying tensile stresses.…”

High Temperature Corrosion under Laboratory Conditions Simulating Biomass-Firing: A Comprehensive Characterization of Corrosion Products

“…The weight difference after each removal step was monitored for estimating the removed layer thickness assuming a homogenous layer distribution. A related approach had earlier been employed for XRD stress analysis of oxide phases on the steam side of superheater tubes [36].…”

Simultaneous thermographic and optical recording media examination of the first oxide spallation event from the surface of an austenitic stainless steel

“…On exposure to steam-containing environments steels develop a layered surface oxide structure influenced by compositional elements, predominantly chromium [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. At chromium concentrations above 12 wt% a chromium containing oxide develops adjacent to the alloy; below approximately 20 wt% this oxide is a spinel of the generic composition (Fe,Cr) 3 O 4 and above this value Cr 2 O 3 forms; both oxides provide oxidation protection with Cr 2 O 3 being more effective than the spinel.…”

“…Under oxygenated steam conditions an outer decoration of haematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) also forms [1, 3-6, 9, 10, 12, 13]. The formation of haematite is often not found in laboratory tests conducted in de-oxygenated steam conditions but is a feature of samples removed from plant and also shown to form under oxygenated steam testing [8][9][10]11].…”