“…Titanium alloys are widely used in aerospace, marine, automotive, and biomedical fields because of their high strength, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, non-toxicity, and good weldability [ 1 , 2 ]. With the development of the aerospace, marine and automotive industries in recent years, the requirements for excellent mechanical properties, such as a high strength, high toughness and fatigue resistance, are becoming urgent.…”