Phase Generating Processes in Ancient Ceramic Matrices Through Microstructure Investigation with High Resolution Microscopy Methods

Emami, Mohammadamin; Trettin, R.

doi:10.1166/jamr.2010.1040

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…In fact, in accordance with Cultrone et al (Cultrone et al 2001), gehlenite appears at 800°C increasing at 900°C (Cultrone et al 2001;Padeletti and Fermo 2010). Gehlenite can occur in two varieties: the first via a decarbonization process and recrystallization by means of increasing CaO amount in high temperature reaction (Emami and Trettin 2010) or second, by using coarse grain calcareous materials via a firing process (Heimann and Maggetti 1981). The grain size of the raw mix is a considerable factor for the exhibition of high temperature phases (Noll 1991).…”

Section: Carthage Samplesmentioning

confidence: 55%

Archaeometric researches on the provenance of Mediterranean Archaic Phoenician and Punic pottery

Amadori

Vais

Fermo

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The aim of this study is to setup a first chemical database that could represent the starting point for a reliable classification method to discriminate between Archaic Phoenician and Punic pottery on the base of their chemical data. This database up to now can discriminate between several different areas of production and provenance and can be applied also to unknown ceramic samples of comparable age and production areas. More than 100 ceramic fragments were involved in this research, coming from various archaeological sites having a crucial importance in the context of the Phoenician and Punic settlement in central and western Mediterranean: Carthage (Tunisia), Toscanos (South Andalusia, Spain), Sulci, Monte Sirai, Othoca, Tharros (Sardinia, Italy) and Pithecusa (Campania, Italy). Since long-time archaeologists hypothesised that Mediterranean Archaic Phoenician and Punic pottery had mainly a local or just a regional diffusion, with the exception of some particular class like transport amphorae. To verify the pottery provenance, statistical analyses were carried out to define the existence of different ceramic compositional groups characterised by a local origin or imported from other sites. The existing literature data are now supplemented by new archaeometric investigations both on Archaic Phoenician ceramics and clayey raw materials from Sardinia. Therefore, diffractometric analyses, optical microscopy observations and X-ray fluorescence analyses were performed to identify the mineralogical and chemical composition of Othoca ceramics and clayey raw material. The obtained results were then compared with own literature data concerning Phoenician and Punic pottery in order to find features related to the different ceramic productions and their provenance. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were also performed on the chemical compositional data in order to discriminate ceramic groups. A very complex situation was found: imported ceramics coming from Carthage, with a large-scale distribution, were found together with a predominant local production pottery. The archaeometric results demonstrate that historical and typological approach has to be supported by scientific analyses to better understand local or Mediterranean exchanges.

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Section: Carthage Samplesmentioning

confidence: 55%

Archaeometric researches on the provenance of Mediterranean Archaic Phoenician and Punic pottery

Amadori

Vais

Fermo

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Through out of these methods the chemical composition of crucible in a whole sample as well as in a phase in the texture determined. The results proved also the chemical composition of the samples as a group with different cluster system and by knowing distinguished factor in such a system, it is possible for classification of the samples according to their similarities [4]. Secondly; phase analyses and decomposition carried out by Polarization Light Microscopy, DSC and QXRD.…”

mentioning

confidence: 70%

Archaeometallurgy of Iron in South Central Iranian Plateau According to the Mineralogical Investigation on Iron Crucibles

Emami

2011

Microsc Microanal

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Historical evaluation of science and technology in Iran has received sufficient emphasis. Ancient Iranian technology of iron and wootz steel manufacturing was not well documented. In the modern knowledge, the investigation as well as archaeological excavation has focused further on the techniques as well as provenance information [1]. A large amount of scientific objects were excavated by the archaeologist but non of the report has directly focused on the technology of great interest. One of the most important sites with high amount of archaeological samples is "Chahak" in south central of Iran in the province Shiraz. The iron technology according to the archaeological founds (crucible and slag) belong to the early 1 th B.C. and nominated for to the Achaemenian period. The geographical and geological character of this field proved several raw material depositions for extracting and manufacturing of iron ore [2]. Chahak belong to the central part of the Zagros orogeny and with respect to the high temperature and low pressure metamorphism, mainly hydrothermal ore reservoir could appeared on the field. In such a system the great interest on this field would be focused on Iron, Copper, Lead and Zink mineralization on the field [3]. The goal of this research is to determine the technology of iron extraction in 1 th B.C. by means of archaeological reminding materials such as slag and either crucible. Iron technology is gone ahead by making of special crucibles that processed the ore to the useful phase and shape. For characterizing of crucible based on their micro-texture two analytic disciplines have carried out; Firstly; chemical compositions of the crucible determined by XRF and SEM-EDX. Through out of these methods the chemical composition of crucible in a whole sample as well as in a phase in the texture determined. The results proved also the chemical composition of the samples as a group with different cluster system and by knowing distinguished factor in such a system, it is possible for classification of the samples according to their similarities [4]. Secondly; phase analyses and decomposition carried out by Polarization Light Microscopy, DSC and QXRD. The results show also the different phase constituents which are classified as primary as well as secondary phases ( Figure 1). Similar structural features were revealed in all the samples [5]. As a matter of fact, according to the diffraction patterns and microscopical observations it obtains the difference between the middle of the crucible to the surface due to exposing the structure to the reduction furnace. The crucible walls are porous due to the admixtures as well as not completely sintering by contact with high temperature smelt. In the glassy and amorphous matrix on the outer surface of the crucibles primary fine crystalline mullite is detected by QXRD as well as optical microscopy. Well round iron fragments observed in a few case is a results due to reduction of iron oxide in the clay. According to the mineralogical as well as chemical investigation...

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“…The appearance of iron oxide is due to high firing temperatures, over 1050uC. 8 Iron oxide comes through the oxidation of iron as Fe z3 , available in the crystal structure of illite, biotite and muscovite. After decomposition of these minerals through firing at 900uC, Fe z3 moved up from the crystal structure and was exposed to the high oxygen fugacity in the kiln.…”

Section: Mineralogical Interpretation Of Crystalline Phase Constituentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Tech in 5100 BC: multianalytical approach for characterisation of decorated pottery from Tappeh-Zaghe

Emami

Trettin

2013

Surface Engineering

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Tappeh-Zaghe is an important archaeological site, located in the northern part of the Persian plateau, and dated to prehistoric times (y5100 BC). The pottery from Tappeh-Zaghe shows an astonishingly fine manufacture. Multianalytical methods have been applied to determine the general chemical composition and the manufacturing process of the ceramic of this period. The results of this investigation show that the pottery from Tappeh-Zaghe was locally produced. The samples are characterised by three distinguishable layers, consisting of clay materials in the core and fine processed quartz aggregates mixed with lime paste on the surface. The external layer is decorated with a painted reddish decoration. The well processed quartz aggregates indicate that the potters applied the external layer on the surface to obtain a structure providing better conditions for decorating and painting, and also more resistant against thermal shock.

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Phase Generating Processes in Ancient Ceramic Matrices Through Microstructure Investigation with High Resolution Microscopy Methods

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

Archaeometric researches on the provenance of Mediterranean Archaic Phoenician and Punic pottery

Archaeometric researches on the provenance of Mediterranean Archaic Phoenician and Punic pottery

Archaeometallurgy of Iron in South Central Iranian Plateau According to the Mineralogical Investigation on Iron Crucibles

High Tech in 5100 BC: multianalytical approach for characterisation of decorated pottery from Tappeh-Zaghe

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