Phase Equilibria of the In–Pd–Sn System at 500 °C and 800 °C: Experimental Study and CALPHAD Modeling

Abstract

Phase equilibria in the In–Pd–Sn system were investigated by a combination of key experiments and thermodynamic modeling. Partial isothermal sections at 500 °C and 800 °C of the In–Pd–Sn system for Pd contents above 66 at.% have been plotted experimentally using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The solubility of the third component in binary compounds InPd3 and Pd3Sn was determined. The new ternary compound τ1 was found in Pd contents ranging from 20 to 25 at.% and at Sn contents varying from 5 to approximately 17 at.% Sn. This compound crystallizes in an Al3Ti-type tetragonal structure. Isostructural InPd2 and Pd2Sn phases from the In–Pd and Pd–Sn binary compositions form a continuous phase field in the ternary system at both temperatures. The temperatures of the solidus, liquidus, and phase transitions of the alloys along the Pd–In50Sn50 line were measured using DTA/DSC. Thermodynamic calculation of the In–Pd–Sn ternary system is performed using the CALPHAD method using the Thermo-Calc® software. The thermodynamic properties of the disordered fcc and liquid phases were described by the Redlich–Kister–Muggianu model. To describe intermetallic phases, namely, InPd3, Pd3Sn, τ1 and Pd2(InxSn1−x), a two-sublattice models was used. Thermodynamic description of the In–Pd–Sn system obtained in this study is in good agreement both with our results and the published experimental data

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“…This change in d‐spacing after In inclusion suggests that the metal ions are incorporated into the matrix of Pd. This is substantiated by a match with the d‐spacing of plane (2 0 0) of titanium‐aluminide‐(Al 3 Ti)‐type InPd 3 (2.07 Å) [23–25] . In addition to SEM, EDS analysis shown in Figure S1 confirms the presence of In and Pd in the In−Pd‐ACC samples, showing 78.9 atomic % and 21.1 atomic % of Pd and In, respectively.…”

“…This is substantiated by a match with the dspacing of plane (2 0 0) of titanium-aluminide-(Al 3 Ti)-type InPd 3 (2.07 Å). [23][24][25] In addition to SEM, EDS analysis shown in Figure S1 confirms the presence of In and Pd in the InÀ Pd-ACC samples, showing 78.9 atomic % and 21.1 atomic % of Pd and In, respectively. 15.0 mg/g of Pd and 6.2 mg/g of In was found to be loaded as analyzed from the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).…”