Phase Equilibria in Hydrocarbon Systems

Sage, B. H.; Webster, D C; Lacey, W. N.

doi:10.1021/ie50334a022

Cited by 81 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Since there were no satisfactory means of calculating the density of this gas as a function of pressure, the deviation of this gas from perfect gas behavior was determined at three temperatures by methods that have already been described. 25 This work was not done with great precision, since this was not necessary for the present purpose. Unfortunately, an insufficient quantity of this sample was available to permit a study of its volumetric behavior at the higher pressures.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Pressure upon Viscosity of Methane and Two Natural Gases

Sage

Lacey

1938

Transactions of the AIME

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In recent years there has been an increase of interest in the flow of gasesat relatively high pressures. Hydrodynamic calculation of the energy losses inthe flow of gases in conduits, as well as through the porous solid materialsconstituting natural petroleum reservoirs, requires a knowledge of theviscosity of the fluid at the pressure and temperature involved. Although thereare numerous publications concerning the absolute viscosity of hydrocarbongases at atmospheric pressure, there appears to be little information availablerelating to the effect of pressure upon the viscosity of these gases. Vogel determined the viscosity of methane at 320 F. and atmospheric pressure. His measurements at 320 F. were later substantiated by the measurements ofRankine and Smith at 630 and 2120 F. Ishida also reported values for theviscosity of methane at atmospheric pressure. Trautz and Kurz measured theviscosity of propane at atmospheric pressure, from 830 to 5300 F., by the useof a short capillary tube. Rappenecker determined the viscosity of gaseousisopentane at elevated temperatures. Day6 made an accurate investigation of theeffect of pressure upon the viscosity of isopentane and isopentane at pressuresfrom 2 lb. per sq. in. t to the vapor pressure at 770 F. (approximately 9.8 and 13.3 lb. per sq. in., respectively). Earhart reported data upon the viscosityof several natural gases measured by the long capillarytube method. The viscosity of air, at atmospheric pressure and 73.40 F., was measured byHarrington 9 by the rotating-cylinder method. Kellstrom 15 has recently made anelaborate investigation of the viscosity of air at atmospheric pressure.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Pressure upon Viscosity of Methane and Two Natural Gases

Sage

Lacey

1938

Transactions of the AIME

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“…6,7,8 The 'Use of the two different pieces of equipment assisted materially in ascertaining the behavior of this, system since each was better adapted to investigations in certain regions. The trap-liquid sample was dried before it was introduced into the apparatus, by contact with granular calcium chloride that had been brought to equilibrium with the dry sample.…”

Section: Laboratory Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volumetric Behavior of Oil and Gas from the Rio Bravo Field

Sage

Reamer

1941

Transactions of the AIME

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Attempts have been made to predict the volumetric and phase behavior ofnaturally occurring hydrocarbon mixtures but these methods have not beenextended to the higher pressures and temperatures that are currentlyencountered in some producing formations. Furthermore, the methods ofprediction at present available have not been tested in a sufficient number ofcases to ensure their applicability to all naturally occurring hydrocarbonmixtures, even at the lower pressures and temperatures. For these reasons thebehavior of a number of hydrocarbon mixtures from a field in which thesubsurface pressures are above 4500 lb. per sq. in. and the temperatures are inthe neighborhood of 250F was investigated. Methods The objective of this program was to determine the volumetric behavior ofmaterial as it existed in the reservoir as a function of pressure, temperatureand composition. Strictly speaking, this cannot be accomplished in any simplefashion. However, the variations in composition that are encountered within aproducing reservoir my be approximated roughly by means of mixturers made up oftwo arbitrarily chosen constituents. Experience indicates that the liquid andgas phases from a high-pressure gas trap afford a simple source of material forthis purpose. Throughout this discussion the samples of the gas phase andliquid phase from the production trap will be called the "trap-gassample" and the "trap-liquid sample" respectively. The volumetric behavior of both of the trap samples wasdetermined throughout the temperature interval between 100F and 250F atpressures up to 5000 lb. per sq. in. In addition, the behavior of eightdifferent mixtures containing varying proportions of the two trap samples wasstudied throughout the same temperature and pressure intervals. Theexperimental results yielded information concerning the specific volume of thematerial as a function of pressure, temperature and the relative quantity ofthe trap samples. The relative amount of each of the paraffinhydrocarbons of lower molecular weight than n-hexane was determined for each ofthe trap samples. In addition, the specific weight, viscosityandaverage molecular weight of the hexanes-and-heavier fraction of thetrap samples and eight systematically chosen mixtures. Materials The gas and liquid samples were obtained from the production trap of a well inthe Rio Bravo field in California durring the fall of 1939. T.P. 1251

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“…The grey-shaded region represents the region of thermodynamic integration. Experimental data: , Arve et al[55]; , Glos et al[6]; , Gupta and Eubank[53]; , Haynes[56]; , Herrmann and Vogel[50]; , Ito et al[49];, Kay[60]; , Kayukawa et al[52]; , Kiran and Sen[54]; , Kumagai et al[45]; , MacCallum and McKetta[57]; , Meschkat and Meier[51]; , Miyamoto and Uematsu[46]; , Miyamoto and Uematsu[48]; , Olds et al[59]; , Petty and Smith[58]; and , Sage et al[61]. , Critical pressure, critical temperature, and , vapor pressure calculated with the EOS of Bücker and Wagner[20]…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, Kay[60]; , Kayukawa et al[52]; , Kiran and Sen[54]; , Kumagai et al[45]; , MacCallum and McKetta[57]; , Meschkat and Meier[51]; , Miyamoto and Uematsu[46]; , Miyamoto and Uematsu[48]; , Olds et al[59]; , Petty and Smith[58]; and , Sage et al[61]., Critical pressure, critical temperature, and , vapor pressure calculated with the EOS of Bücker and Wagner[20] …”

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confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic Properties of Liquid Toluene and n-Butane Determined from Speed of Sound Data

Hawary

Meier

2022

Int J Thermophys

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The method of thermodynamic integration is applied to calculate accurate data for the density and isobaric and isochoric heat capacity of toluene and n-butane from speed of sound data sets measured previously in our laboratory. Values for the density and isobaric heat capacity on the initial isobar for the integration are derived from very accurate density and speed of sound data sets using well-known thermodynamic relations. The relative expanded uncertainties (at the 0.95 confidence level) in the derived values for the density and isobaric and isochoric heat capacities are estimated to be 0.011 %, 0.3 %, and 0.4 % for toluene and 0.02 %, 0.5 %, and 0.7 % for n-butane, respectively. Comparisons with experimental data, values of other authors derived by the thermodynamic integration, and equations of state show that our values for both fluids are more accurate than most data available in the literature. Moreover, the domain of the thermodynamic integration for toluene extends down to 240 K and covers lower temperatures than recently considered by other authors. The derived values for the isobaric heat capacity of n-butane fill a gap as this property has hitherto only been measured at ambient pressure. Because of their low uncertainty, the values of the derived properties reported in this work in combination with recent data of other authors are useful for developing new and improved equations of state for both fluids.

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Phase Equilibria in Hydrocarbon Systems

Cited by 81 publications

References 9 publications

Effect of Pressure upon Viscosity of Methane and Two Natural Gases

Effect of Pressure upon Viscosity of Methane and Two Natural Gases

Volumetric Behavior of Oil and Gas from the Rio Bravo Field

Thermodynamic Properties of Liquid Toluene and n-Butane Determined from Speed of Sound Data

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