Phase-Dependent Respiratory-Motor Interactions in Reaction Time Tasks During Rhythmic Voluntary Breathing

Li, Sheng; Park, Woo Hyung; Borg, Adam

doi:10.1123/mcj.16.4.493

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Breathing rhythm is also a powerful force in shaping and coordinating other motor patterns, from fine orofacial movements, e.g., sniffing, whisking in rodents, and speech in humans, to large‐scale movements such as running and swimming (Daley, Bramble, & Carrier, ; Kleinfeld, Deschenes, Wang, & Moore, ; Moore et al, ). Notably, such disparate functions as reaction times (Beh & Nix‐James, ; Li, Park, & Borg, ) and pupillary diameter (Borgdorff, ; Ohtsuka, Asakura, Kawasaki, & Sawa, ) are modulated by the breathing cycle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efferent projections of excitatory and inhibitory preBötzinger Complex neurons

Yang

Feldman

2018

J of Comparative Neurology

149

128

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The preBötzinger Complex (preBötC), a compact medullary region essential for generating normal breathing rhythm and pattern, is the kernel of the breathing central pattern generator (CPG). Excitatory preBötC neurons in rats project to major breathing-related brainstem regions. Here, we provide a brainstem connectivity map in mice for both excitatory and inhibitory preBötC neurons. Using a genetic strategy to label preBötC neurons, we confirmed extensive projections of preBötC excitatory neurons within the brainstem breathing CPG including the contralateral preBötC, Bötzinger Complex (BötC), ventral respiratory group, nucleus of the solitary tract, parahypoglossal nucleus, parafacial region (RTN/pFRG or alternatively, pF /pF ), parabrachial and Kölliker-Füse nuclei, as well as major projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray. Interestingly, preBötC inhibitory projections paralleled the excitatory projections. Moreover, we examined overlapping projections in the pons in detail and found that they targeted the same neurons. We further explored the direct anatomical link between the preBötC and suprapontine brain regions that may govern emotion and other complex behaviors that can affect or be affected by breathing. Forebrain efferent projections were sparse and restricted to specific nuclei within the thalamus and hypothalamus, with processes rarely observed in cortex, basal ganglia, or other limbic regions, e.g., amygdala or hippocampus. We conclude that the preBötC sends direct, presumably inspiratory-modulated, excitatory and inhibitory projections in parallel to distinct targets throughout the brain that generate and modulate breathing pattern and/or coordinate breathing with other behaviors, physiology, cognition, or emotional state.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efferent projections of excitatory and inhibitory preBötzinger Complex neurons

Yang

Feldman

2018

J of Comparative Neurology

149

128

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“…However, interactions between respiration and non-respiratory functions have been documented in humans and rodents. In humans, for example, phase-locking with respiration has been observed for visual signal detection (Flexman et al, 1974) eye movements (Rittweger and Pöpel, 1998; Rassler and Raabe, 2003), the temporal grouping of pianistic finger movements (Ebert et al, 2002), reaction time to visual (Li et al, 2012) and auditory (Gallego et al, 1991) stimuli, and grip-force (Li and Laskin, 2006). Rassler et al (1996) reported that response latency, tracking-precision and movement duration of finger movements made to track a visual target showed significant respiratory-phase-dependent differences and that the respiratory-phase-dependence differed between finger flexion and extension movements (Rassler, 2000).…”

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confidence: 99%

Breathing as a Fundamental Rhythm of Brain Function

Heck

McAfee

Liu

et al. 2017

Front. Neural Circuits

178

184

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Ongoing fluctuations of neuronal activity have long been considered intrinsic noise that introduces unavoidable and unwanted variability into neuronal processing, which the brain eliminates by averaging across population activity (Georgopoulos et al., 1986; Lee et al., 1988; Shadlen and Newsome, 1994; Maynard et al., 1999). It is now understood, that the seemingly random fluctuations of cortical activity form highly structured patterns, including oscillations at various frequencies, that modulate evoked neuronal responses (Arieli et al., 1996; Poulet and Petersen, 2008; He, 2013) and affect sensory perception (Linkenkaer-Hansen et al., 2004; Boly et al., 2007; Sadaghiani et al., 2009; Vinnik et al., 2012; Palva et al., 2013). Ongoing cortical activity is driven by proprioceptive and interoceptive inputs. In addition, it is partially intrinsically generated in which case it may be related to mental processes (Fox and Raichle, 2007; Deco et al., 2011). Here we argue that respiration, via multiple sensory pathways, contributes a rhythmic component to the ongoing cortical activity. We suggest that this rhythmic activity modulates the temporal organization of cortical neurodynamics, thereby linking higher cortical functions to the process of breathing.

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“…Influence by respiration on sensory perception has in part been substantiated through studies on visual and auditory signal detection, revealing that the threshold for signal detection of hard to perceive stimuli is higher during inspiration compared to expiration [54]. During controlled breathing, reaction times are significantly longer during expiration compared to inspiration [55]. Natural, involuntary breathing showed similar extension of reaction time during expiration [52].…”

Section: Perceptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Bioelectric Mechanisms and Functional Significance of Peripheral and Central Entrainment by Respiration

Jerath¹,

Beveridge²

2018

WJNS

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The human organism is a complex biological system with emergent properties that arise from the unified functional interactions among its diverse components. When studying the brain and body in light of modern biological systems approaches, one must analyze them in a holistic manner, putting aside reductionist models in order to understand how certain properties manifest from complex system interactions. The respiratory system is capable of continuously adapting to changes in the internal and external environment, making it one of the most integrated of physiological processes. We propose an additional respiratory process: respiration-derived electrical currents during inspiration that spread throughout the entire body maintaining homeostasis through entraining oscillatory activity, modulating cognitive processes, and modulating the autonomic nervous system. If these currents are indeed created in part from redox reactions occurring on a massive scale, then we assert they are a major aspect of an embodied cognitive framework. We propose that this potentially major source of organism integrity has been overlooked, and its application to medicine could drastically change how we understand human physiology, the autonomic nervous system, and the therapeutic treatment of various clinical disorders.[1]. This machine bypasses the lungs and heart, oxygenating the blood and pumping it. This technique brings into question whether the lungs or heart is truly needed to survive. However, it has become clear that this technique is not such an impeccable replacement to the cardiopulmonary system as it has resulted in what is known among surgeons as "pumphead" [2]. This syndrome, post perfusion syndrome, is characterized by short and long-term cognitive decline and includes defects in attention, concentration, memory, motor function, and response time [3]. We make a case for the existence of an additional source of required homeostatic energy that may explain this syndrome and a plethora of physiological phenomena. The source of energy we explore is electrical in nature. We propose that an immediate release of electrons via redox reactions occurs during inspiration, as well as hyperpolarizing cells throughout the body and brain, followed by depolarization during expiration. In the case of the "pumphead", we assert the time spent without cardiopulmonary activity which resulted in the patient's deprival of a vital electrical, global entrainment that is provided during respiration. These electrical currents are vital in that they underlie an oscillatory cognitive architecture than can be deconstructed when the energy is absent.The vital electrical currents we describe are unknown to modern science with unknown properties which could be studied from a variety of angles. Research into the formal discovery of this energy and why it may be necessary for cellular and cognitive vitality will likely reveal the origin of the cognitive deficits underlying post perfusion syndrome. We propose that starving cells of this vital homeostatic energ...

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Phase-Dependent Respiratory-Motor Interactions in Reaction Time Tasks During Rhythmic Voluntary Breathing

Cited by 16 publications

References 32 publications

Efferent projections of excitatory and inhibitory preBötzinger Complex neurons

Efferent projections of excitatory and inhibitory preBötzinger Complex neurons

Breathing as a Fundamental Rhythm of Brain Function

Novel Bioelectric Mechanisms and Functional Significance of Peripheral and Central Entrainment by Respiration

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