Phase Contrast Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Normal Cerebrospinal Fluid Oscillation and Applications to Hydrocephalus

Hypothesis for lateral ventricular dilatation in communicating hydrocephalus: New understanding of the Monro-Kellie hypothesis in the aspect of cardiac energy transfer through arterial blood flow

“…In other words, considering the fact that CSF flow is not bulk flow but pulsatile flow, the energy contained within the CSF is substantial. Moreover, in many previous studies, investigations utilizing flow sensitive MRI have revealed that pulsatile CSF flow is significantly higher in the aqueduct in communicating hydrocephalus conditions [15][16][17]. This observation partly supports our theory that defective energy transfer and dissipation leads to high CSF pulsation energy in communicating hydrocephalus to cause lateral ventricle dilatation.…”

“…The CSF flow is not only a bulk flow that follows the CSF pathway, but rather a pulsatile flow pattern along the CSF pathway [14], and which can be confirmed by flow sensitive MRI. The net position change of the craniospinal CSF bulk flow is 0.004% (0.006 ml/150 ml) of the total CSF volume per 1 cardiac cycle as demonstrated by flow sensitive MRI [8,15]. In the aqueduct where the CSF bulk flow velocity is the highest, the bulk flow velocity is only 1/10th of the pulsatile CSF flow [8].…”

Visualization of Pulsatile CSF Motion Around Membrane-like Structures with both 4D Velocity Mapping and Time-SLIP Technique

“…5,6,16,32 Moreover, in the normal intracranial environment, synchronization among arterial, CSF, and venous velocity waveforms has been demonstrated by evaluation of the velocities of these components at the axial slice of the cervical region. [13][14][15]17 However, the Windkessel effect should prevent transmission of arterial pulse waveforms to CSF through the capillaries 32 because the compliance of the arterial wall will change pulsatile arterial flow to stationary flow.…”

“…5 However, the principal driving forces of CSF pulsation and the transmission mechanism of the force from the blood vessels or brain parenchyma are not fully understood. Evaluation of normal CSF circulation in terms of peak velocity, flow rate, and flow velocity waveform in conjunction with evaluation of spatial blood flow may provide a useful knowledge base for diagnosing patients with disorders of CSF dynamics, such as hydrocephalus, 6,7 Chiari I malformation, 8,9 and arachnoid cysts.…”

Current and Emerging MR Imaging Techniques for the Diagnosis and Management of CSF Flow Disorders: A Review of Phase-Contrast and Time–Spatial Labeling Inversion Pulse

“…12-14 CSF pulsatility has been studied extensively by using this method 15,16 and has successfully demonstrated the ability to quantify CSF in axial locations throughout the brain. The pulsatile component moves cranially and caudally in a cyclical fashion as a function of the cardiac cycle at aqueductal peak velocity between 3 and 7 cm/s.…”