Phase Change Material Based Reconfigurable Transmitarray: a Feasibility Study

Gharbieh, Samara; Clemente, Antonio; Milbrandt, Jorick; Reig, B.

doi:10.23919/eucap53622.2022.9769642

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Electronic beamforming can be used to realign antennas that lost alignment due to meteorological events, or to introduce flexibility in the network by allowing reconfiguration from one point to another. Considering these application cases, GaAs diodes based antenna is compared to another design based on CEA-Leti GeTe switches technology operated at 26GHz in the same way as [20]. Both antennas are compared to the same function described by the FU.…”

Section: Eco-designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Eco-Design of a 5G mmWave Transmitarray Antenna Based on Life Cycle Assessment

Guerid¹,

Doré²,

Reverdy³

et al. 2022

2022 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications &Amp; 6G Summit (EuCNC/6G Summit)

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5G is seen as one technology enabler to support the expected exponential internet data-traffic growth while digitization environmental impacts are growing. Base stations are estimated to represent the main contributor to mobile internet access network carbon footprint. In this work, life cycle assessment (LCA) of a 26 GHz transmitarray antenna is described taking into consideration the geographical location of the antenna use and providing eco-design leads to researchers, designers, LCA practitioners and industrials. Results show that energy consumption during operation is the main source of impact (between 72% and 94% for most impacts), while the material depletion is largely generated by the manufacturing process (99.3%). As a result, the eco-design must focus on product energy efficiency as well as material depletion during manufacturing. The impact of usage is highly dependent on the location due to the diverse electricity mix of countries. An ecodesign solution using phase-change material (PCM) technology switches is compared to a conventional approach using GaAs p-in diodes. These results pave the way for reducing the impacts of transmitarray antennas and are a first step towards more sustainable solutions for millimeter wave (mmWave) networks.

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Section: Eco-designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Eco-Design of a 5G mmWave Transmitarray Antenna Based on Life Cycle Assessment

Guerid¹,

Doré²,

Reverdy³

et al. 2022

2022 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications &Amp; 6G Summit (EuCNC/6G Summit)

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Therefore, strong phase quantization constraints have been considered in the design of the unit cells, e.g., the use of a few PIN diodes, to enable wideband performance and practical feasibility [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. More recently, innovative solutions based on Phase Change Material (PCM) switches have been proposed to generate energy-efficient RISs [35]. However, the use of advanced integration technologies such as CMOS could enable the development of fine-resolution cells and RISs up to sub-THz frequencies [36].…”

Section: Introduction and Motivationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Precoding Applied to Multi-Beam Transmitting Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (T-RIS)

et al. 2023

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In this work, we study hybrid precoding techniques applied to multi-user Transmitting Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (T-RIS) systems. The T-RIS considered here is a large array of electronically reconfigurable antenna elements illuminated by a small set of active sources. When it comes to digital signal-processing techniques applied to T-RIS systems, it is necessary to consider realistic models to bridge the gap with theoretical results. For this reason, we propose a multi-beam T-RIS propagation model with strong phase quantization constraints and limited beam codebooks. First, the proposed model is validated by characterizing a Ka-band T-RIS. Then, we optimize the quad-beam T-RIS structure by tuning the focal distance between the lens and the focal sources according to two metrics: (i) the per-user antenna gain (analog-only approach), and (ii) the per-user average rate (hybrid digital/analog approach). For both indicators, the system performance is evaluated in a multi-user scenario by assuming imperfect channel state information. We show that considering only the analog precoder is sufficient to optimize the T-RIS. However, the fully hybrid precoding scheme is required to deal with inter-user interference. We propose a codebook-aware optimization that improves the aperture efficiency of the T-RIS system.

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Design of a binary programmable transmitarray based on phase change material for beam steering applications in D-band

Gharbieh,

Milbrandt,

Reig

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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This paper introduces the design of a reconfigurable transmitarray operating within the D-band frequency range (110–170 GHz). The transmitarray unit cell is composed of three metal layers and two quartz dielectric substrates. It achieves a 1-bit phase shift resolution through the alternating states of two innovative switches integrated into the active transmitting patch of the unit cell. To address the challenge of miniaturization in the D-band, compact switches compatible with the proposed unit cell dimensions are introduced. These switches are constructed using phase change materials (PCM) that change between amorphous and crystalline states when exposed to heat. The paper includes a full-wave simulation of the unit cell, demonstrating an insertion loss below 1.5 dB across a wide frequency band of 27%. Additionally, a 10 $$\times $$ × 10 elements transmitarray is synthesized using a numerical tool and its theoretical results are compared to full-wave electromagnetic simulations for validation purposes. The results indicate that by incorporating the proposed switches into the unit cell, the transmitarray achieves promising reconfiguration capabilities within the D-band. Moreover, the paper presents the architecture of a command line designed to bias the PCM switches. Notably, this command line represents a novel approach, as it enables individual biasing of each PCM switch using direct current (DC). The influence of these command lines on the transmitarray’s performance is thoroughly investigated. Although there is a compromise in the 1-dB gain bandwidth, the overall behavior of the transmitarray remains encouraging.

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Phase Change Material Based Reconfigurable Transmitarray: a Feasibility Study

Cited by 5 publications

References 12 publications

Toward Eco-Design of a 5G mmWave Transmitarray Antenna Based on Life Cycle Assessment

Toward Eco-Design of a 5G mmWave Transmitarray Antenna Based on Life Cycle Assessment

Hybrid Precoding Applied to Multi-Beam Transmitting Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (T-RIS)

Design of a binary programmable transmitarray based on phase change material for beam steering applications in D-band

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