Pharyngeal carriage of <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> and <i>Neisseria lactamica</i> in households with infants within areas with high and low incidences of meningococcal disease

Olsen, S F; Djurhuus, Bjarki Ditlev; Rasmussen, Kirsten; Joensen, Hanna; Larsen, Severin Olesen; Zoffman, H.; Lind, Inga

doi:10.1017/s0950268800067492

Cited by 60 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…Although responses were above background levels, they were much lower than the strong responses observed to Nm in early adulthood (16). This was unexpected because Nl carriage in young children is associated with reduced carriage of Nm (36) and reduced frequency of invasive meningococcal disease (37) and has been suggested to prime cross-reactive immunity to Nm (18, 37). Indeed, Nl and Nm express cross-reactive B cell epitopes (38) and immunization of mice with live Nl or OMV protects them against challenge with live Nm (39, 40).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Absence of Mucosal Immunity in the Human Upper Respiratory Tract to the Commensal Bacteria Neisseria lactamica but Not Pathogenic Neisseria meningitidis during the Peak Age of Nasopharyngeal Carriage

Vaughan

Gorringe²,

Davenport

et al. 2009

The Journal of Immunology

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The normal flora that colonizes the mucosal epithelia has evolved diverse strategies to evade, modulate, or suppress the immune system and avoid clearance. Neisseria lactamica and Neisseria meningitidis are closely related obligate inhabitants of the human upper respiratory tract. N. lactamica is a commensal but N. meningitidis is an opportunistic pathogen that occasionally causes invasive disease such as meningitis and septicemia. We demonstrate that unlike N. meningitidis, N. lactamica does not prime the development of mucosal T or B cell memory during the peak period of colonization. This cannot be explained by the induction of peripheral tolerance or regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cell activity. Instead, N. lactamica mediates a B cell-dependent mitogenic proliferative response that is absent to N. meningitidis. This mitogenic response is associated with the production of T cell-independent polyclonal IgM that we propose functions by shielding colonizing N. lactamica from the adaptive immune system, maintaining immunological ignorance in the host. We conclude that, in contrast to N. meningitidis, N. lactamica maintains a commensal relationship with the host in the absence of an adaptive immune response. This may prolong the period of susceptibility to colonization by both pathogenic and nonpathogenic Neisseria species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Absence of Mucosal Immunity in the Human Upper Respiratory Tract to the Commensal Bacteria Neisseria lactamica but Not Pathogenic Neisseria meningitidis during the Peak Age of Nasopharyngeal Carriage

Vaughan

Gorringe²,

Davenport

et al. 2009

The Journal of Immunology

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“…Geographical variation in disease incidence [36,37] may be due to underlying differences in the prevalence of virulent strains circulating, the level of population immunity and differences in exposure. Historically, increases in MD have been associated with periods of high population mobility, such as in Britain and the USA during World War II and in Brazil in the 1970s [38].…”

Section: Demographic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking, the environment and meningococcal disease: a case control study

Stuart²,

et al. 1994

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SUMMARYThis case control study investigated environmental factors in 74 confirmed cases of meningococcal disease (MD). In children aged under 5, passive smoking in the home (30 or more cigarettes daily) was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 7 5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1P46-38-66). ORs increased both with the numbers of cigarettes smoked and with the number of smokers in the household, suggesting a dose-response relationship. MD in this age group was also significantly associated with household overcrowding (more than 1P5 persons per room) (OR 60, 95% CI 110-32-8), with kisses on the mouth with 4 or more contacts in the previous 2 weeks (OR 2-46, 95% CI 1P09-5 56), with exposure to dust from plaster, brick or stone in the previous 2 weeks (OR 2-24, 95 % CI 107-465); and with changes in residence (OR 30, 95% CI 1P0-899), marital arguments (OR 3-0, 95 % CI 1P26-7 17) and legal disputes in the previous 6 months (OR 3-10, 95% CI 1P24-7 78). These associations were independent of social class. Public health measures to lower the prevalence of cigarette smoking by parents of young children may reduce the incidence of MD. The influence of building dust and stressful life events merits further investigation.

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“…Our work is focused on porin from Neisseria lactamica (a commensal bacterium which most frequently colonizes the nasopharynges of children [52,53]) and is aimed at characterizing its potential effect as an adjuvant of the immune system and its mechanism of action.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The PorB porin from commensal Neisseria lactamica induces Th1 and Th2 immune responses to ovalbumin in mice and is a potential immune adjuvant

Liu

Wetzler

Massi

2008

Vaccine

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Porins from pathogenic Neisseriae are among several bacterial products with immune adjuvant activity. N. meningitidis (Nme) PorB, has been shown to induce immune cells activation in a TLR2-dependent manner and acts as a vaccine immune adjuvant. The PorB porin from Neisseria lactamica (Nlac), a common nasopharyngeal commensal shares significant structural and functional similarities with Nme PorB. In this work we ask whether the immune adjuvant ability of porins from pathogenic Neisserial strains is a characteristic shared with porins from non-pathogenic Neisserial species or whether it is unique for bacterial products derived from microorganisms capable of inducing inflammation and disease. We evaluate the potential immune adjuvant effect of Nlac PorB in mice using ovalbumin (OVA) as a prototype antigen. Immunization with Nlac PorB/OVA induced high OVA-specific IgG and IgM titers compared to OVA alone, similar to other adjuvants such as Nme PorB and alum. High titers of IgG1 and IgG2b were detected as well as production of IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 and INF-γ in response to Nlac PorB, consistent with induction of both a Th1-type and a Th2-type immune response. OVA-specific proliferation was also determined in splenocytes from Nlac PorB/OVA immunized mice. In addition, B cell activation in vitro and cytokine production in response to Nlac PorB was found to be mediated by TLR2, in a similar manner to Nme PorB.

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Pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria lactamica in households with infants within areas with high and low incidences of meningococcal disease

Cited by 60 publications

References 15 publications

Absence of Mucosal Immunity in the Human Upper Respiratory Tract to the Commensal Bacteria Neisseria lactamica but Not Pathogenic Neisseria meningitidis during the Peak Age of Nasopharyngeal Carriage

Absence of Mucosal Immunity in the Human Upper Respiratory Tract to the Commensal Bacteria Neisseria lactamica but Not Pathogenic Neisseria meningitidis during the Peak Age of Nasopharyngeal Carriage

Smoking, the environment and meningococcal disease: a case control study

The PorB porin from commensal Neisseria lactamica induces Th1 and Th2 immune responses to ovalbumin in mice and is a potential immune adjuvant

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