Pharmacy Practice in Kenya

Aywak, Dorothy; Jaguga, Collins D P; Nkonge, Nancy G; Kinuthia, Rosaline; Ambale, Claris; Awle, Ismail A

doi:10.4212/cjhp.v70i6.1713

Cited by 18 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…Community human drug stores are mostly operated by pharmaceutical technicians who are responsible for dispensing antibiotics, while only a few, mostly large, drug stores have a registered pharmacist (holding a bachelor’s degree in pharmacy). Both pharmaceutical technicians and pharmacists are able to sell, but not prescribe antibiotics in Kenya [11]. Veterinary drugs stores are mostly operated by animal health technicians (also referred to as para-veterinarians) with just a few operated by veterinarians.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A cross-sectional survey of practices and knowledge among antibiotic retailers in Nairobi, Kenya

Muloi¹,

Fèvre²,

Bettridge³

et al. 2019

Journal of Global Health

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Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) driven by antibiotic consumption is a growing global health threat. However, data on antimicrobial consumption patterns in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is sparse. Here, we investigate the patterns of antibiotic sales in humans and livestock in urban Nairobi, Kenya, and evaluate the level of awareness and common behaviours related to antibiotic use and AMR amongst human and veterinary pharmacists. Methods A total of 40 human and 19 veterinary drug store pharmacists were interviewed in Nairobi in 2018 using a standard questionnaire. Data recorded included demographic variables, types of antibiotics sold, antibiotic customers, antibiotic prescribing practices and knowledge of antibiotic use and AMR. Results Our study shows that at the retail level, there is a considerable overlap between antibiotic classes (10/15) sold for use in both human and veterinary medicine. Whilst in our study, clinical training significantly influenced knowledge on issues related to antibiotic use and AMR and respondents had a relatively adequate level of knowledge about AMR, several inappropriate prescribing practices were identified. For example, we found that most veterinary and human drug stores (100% and 52% respectively) sold antibiotics without a prescription and noted that customer preference was an important factor when prescribing antibiotics in half of the drug stores. Conclusion Although more research is needed to understand the drivers of antibiotic consumption in both human and animal populations, these findings highlight the need for immediate strategies to improve prescribing practices across the pharmacists in Nairobi and by extension other low- and middle-income country settings.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A cross-sectional survey of practices and knowledge among antibiotic retailers in Nairobi, Kenya

Muloi¹,

Fèvre²,

Bettridge³

et al. 2019

Journal of Global Health

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“…The delivery of PrEP at private pharmacies in Africa is feasible and within the domain of care for pharmacy providers. PrEP delivery has relatively few necessary components – HIV testing, counselling (on PrEP adherence and HIV risk reduction), PrEP prescribing (including assessment of acute HIV infection and PrEP side effects) and drug dispensing (Figure 1) [11] – all of which can be done by pharmacists or pharmaceutical technologists in low‐resource settings (especially with remote clinician oversight, like the US model) [12]. Already, many private pharmacies counsel clients on the importance of adherence to medications for hypertension and diabetes, as well as the importance of condom use for pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection prevention.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacy delivery to expand the reach of PrEP in Africa

Ortblad

Mogere

Bukusi

et al. 2020

J. Intern. AIDS Soc.

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“…Pharmacies can offer free, subsidized, or fully fee-for-service care, and paying for a service could result in greater sustained consumer engagement. The core components of PrEPincluding HIV testing, adherence and risk reduction counseling, assessment of side effects, and provision of refills [20,21] are all within the scope of practice for pharmacy professionals [22,23]. In the US, one model has demonstrated that PrEP can be provided completely by pharmacists, with oversight by a remote physician [24,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of a care pathway for pharmacy-based PrEP delivery in Kenya: results from a collaborative stakeholder consultation

Ortblad

Mogere

Roche

et al. 2020

BMC Health Serv Res

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Introduction In Kenya, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention is almost exclusively delivered at HIV clinics. Developing novel PrEP delivery models is important for increasing the reach of PrEP. Delivery of PrEP through pharmacies is one approach utilized in the US to improve accessibility. Retail pharmacies are commonly used as a first-line access point for medical care in Kenya, but have not been utilized for PrEP delivery. We conducted a collaborative consultative meeting of stakeholders to develop a care pathway for pharmacy-based PrEP delivery in Kenya. Methods In January 2020, we held a one-day meeting in Nairobi with 36 stakeholders from PrEP regulatory, professional, healthcare service delivery, civil society, and research organizations. Attendees reviewed a theory of change model, results from formative qualitative research with pharmacy providers and clients, and anticipated core components of pharmacy-based PrEP delivery: counseling, HIV testing, prescribing, and dispensing. Stakeholders participated in small and large group discussions to identify potential challenges and solutions. We synthesized the key findings from these discussions. Results Stakeholders were enthusiastic about a model for pharmacy-based PrEP delivery. Potential challenges identified included insufficient pharmacy provider knowledge and skills, regulatory hurdles to providing affordable HIV testing at pharmacies, and undefined pathways for PrEP procurement. Potential solutions identified included having pharmacy providers complete the Kenya Ministry of Health-approved PrEP training, use of a PrEP prescribing checklist with remote clinician oversight and provider-assisted HIV self-testing, and having the government provide PrEP and HIV self-testing kits to pharmacies during a pilot test. A care pathway was developed over the course of the meeting. Conclusions PrEP delivery stakeholders in Kenya were strongly supportive of developing and testing a model for pharmacy-based PrEP delivery to increase PrEP access. We collaboratively developed a care pathway for pilot testing that has the potential to expand PrEP delivery options in Kenya and other similar settings.

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Pharmacy Practice in Kenya

Abstract: -

Cited by 18 publications

References 3 publications

A cross-sectional survey of practices and knowledge among antibiotic retailers in Nairobi, Kenya

A cross-sectional survey of practices and knowledge among antibiotic retailers in Nairobi, Kenya

Pharmacy delivery to expand the reach of PrEP in Africa

Design of a care pathway for pharmacy-based PrEP delivery in Kenya: results from a collaborative stakeholder consultation

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